Expression of HERC4 in Lung Cancer and its Correlation with Clinicopathological Parameters

Abstract

Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 16 (2), 513-517 IntroductionLung cancer is the leading cause of death of cancer world-wide, causing more than 1 million deaths per year (Jemal et al., 2010). It is a disease characterized by uncontrolled cell growth in tissues of the lung. The global cancer burden in annual cases is projected to double by 2050, and lung cancer is expected to remain the leading cause of all cancer deaths during that time (Brothers et al., 2013). Cigarette smoking remains the main risk factor for lung cancer, with 85%-90% percent of lung cancer cases caused by active or passive smoking. Conventional treatments for lung cancer are surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. And the choice of method depends on the type, progress and relevant genes of lung cancer. Besides, targeted therapy, as a more accurate and specific treatment, has come into our field of vision for us to choose from. It won't cause any harm to adjacent normal lung cells when it uses specific drugs to identify and target cancer cells.Recently, genetic, transcriptomic and epigenomic biomarkers are emerging as tools for the early diagnosis of lung cancer both in the screening setting and diagnostic. Furthermore, epigenetics refers to heritable modifications

HECT E3 ubiquitin ligases – emerging insights into their biological roles and disease relevance

“…Knockdown of NEDD4 markedly reduces NSCLC cell proliferation and tumor growth, whereas NEDD4 overexpression facilitates growth of nontransformed lung epithelial cells and the loss of tumor suppressor phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) (Amodio et al, 2010). Furthermore, levels of HERC4 are elevated in lung tumors when compared to adjacent normal tissues, suggesting that HERC4 could be used as a diagnostic biomarker for lung cancer (Zeng et al, 2015). Lower levels of E6AP have been observed in lung adenocarcinomas that correlate with the reduced expression of the tumor suppressor genes CDKN2B, CDKN2A and CDKN2D (Gamell et al, 2017).…”

HERC Ubiquitin Ligases in Cancer

“…Multiple myeloma Decreased c-Maf degradation [33] Lung cancer HERC4 overexpression [34] Non-small cell lung cancer Increased Smo protein stability and Hh pathway activation [35,36] Breast cancer HERC4 upregulation [37] Decreased expression of miRNAs targeting HERC4 expression and enhanced LATS1 degradation [38] Hepatocellular carcinoma HERC4 overexpression [39] Osteosarcoma Negative correlation of SOX18 overexpression and HERC4 mRNA levels [18] Glioblastoma HERC5 upregulation [41] Acute myeloid leukemia HERC5 downregulation [42] Oropharyngeal cancer HERC5 gene expression is associated with overall survival [43] Non-small cell lung cancer HERC5 promoter hypermethylation [44] Breast cancer HERC5 upregulation [45] Hepatocellular carcinoma…”

“…This raises the possibility of using small HERCs as diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers for different cancer types. For instance, HERC4 and HERC5 expressions have been shown to correlate with tumor progression in breast cancer [37,45] and have been implicated in both lung [34][35][36]44] and hepatocellular [39,46,47,51] carcinomas. In addition, high levels of HERC3 expression correlate with poor prognosis in glioblastomas [32], while HERC5 appears to be differentially expressed and associated with progression in acute myeloid leukemia (Table 1) [42].…”

HERC4 Is Overexpressed in Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Contributes to the Proliferation and Migration of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells

“…HERC4 plays an important role in myeloma (Zhang et al, 2016). In addition, some investigators verified that HERC4 highly expresses in lung cancer and breast cancer (Zhou et al, 2013;Zeng et al, 2015). However, the biological functions of HERC4 in cancers are not clear, especially in HCC.…”