Extraction of Azole Antifungal Drugs from Milk and Biological Fluids Using a New Hollow Fiber Liquid-Phase Microextraction and Analysis by GC-FID

Abstract

Hollow fiber liquid-phase microextraction (HF-LPME) based on two immiscible organic solvents (n-dodecane as membrane solvent and 22 lL acetonitrile as acceptor phase) was evaluated for extraction and preconcentration of trace amounts of miconazole and clotrimazole as model azole antifungal drugs, prior to determination by gas chromatography (GC). The drugs were extracted from 24 mL sample solution into a thin layer of organic phase (n-dodecane) immobilized in hollow fiber pores, and then back-extracted into approximately 22 lL organic phase (acetonitrile) located in the lumen of the hollow fiber. After extraction, 1 lL acceptor phase was injected into a GC instrument. Under optimum conditions, limits of detection (LODs) ranged from 0.3-6.0 ng mL -1 , linear dynamic range of 1-400 ng mL -1 and relative standard deviations (RSD%) \5% were obtained. The developed method provided preconcentration factors of 639 and 496 for clotrimazole and miconazole, respectively. The applicability of the extraction method to different types of complicated matrices such as milk, plasma and urine samples was investigated. The results obtained results reveal that the proposed method is a good technique for extraction and determination of the target drugs in different matrices.

Automated hollow‐fiber liquid‐phase microextraction followed by liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry for the determination of benzodiazepine drugs in biological samples

“…In which k 1 , k 2 , k 3 , and k 4 are extraction rate constants. All these constants should be first‐order constants . But in two‐phase HFLPME both of the pores and the lumen of the hollow fibers were filled with an organic solvent, consequently, there is one‐step equilibrium between aqueous sample and organic solvent.…”

“…Here, an organic solvent ( n ‐dodecane) is immobilized within the pores of the hollow fiber that forms a supported liquid membrane, and the other organic solvent (acetonitrile or methanol) is filled in its lumen . The method has been successfully applied for the extraction of chlorophenols , polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons , azole antifungal drugs , and herbicides from environmental and biological samples.…”

Microextraction techniques in therapeutic drug monitoring

“…At the same year, Ebrahimpour et al . () evaluated HF‐LPME based on two immiscible organic solvents ( n ‐dodecane as membrane solvent and 22 μL acetonitrile as acceptor phase) for extraction and preconcentration of trace amounts of miconazole and clotrimazole prior to determination by GC in plasma samples. The drugs were extracted from 24 mL of sample solution into a thin layer of organic phase ( n ‐dodecane) immobilized in hollow fiber pores, and then back‐extracted into approximately 22 μL organic phase (acetonitrile) located in the lumen of the hollow fiber.…”

Nano polypyrrole-coated magnetic solid phase extraction followed by dispersive liquid phase microextraction for trace determination of megestrol acetate and levonorgestrel

“…The main purposes of sample preparation are to make the analytes of interest discrete and concentrated, and to transfer them to a medium compatible with the instrument used in the final analysis [1]. To increase the throughput of sample preparation, development of time saving and highly efficient extraction techniques has drawn much attention in recent years.…”