Fabrication of PA6/TiO2/PANI composite nanofibers by electrospinning–electrospraying for ammonia sensor

A Review of Electrospun Conductive Polyaniline Based Nanofiber Composites and Blends: Processing Features, Applications, and Future Directions

“…Several types of electrospun PANI nanofiber based sensors have been developed lately. Recent reports include the electrospun nanofiber of graphene/PANI/PS for the detection of Pb and Cd ions [165], PANI/SnO 2 for H 2 gas sensing [166], multiple detections using PANI/PCL [167], PANI/polyamide 66 for colorimetric sensing [168], PANI/poly(ethylene oxide) gas sensor [169], PANI/ZnO for chemiresistor sensor [170], PANI/PLA to sense alcohol vapors of increasing molecular size [171], PANI/polyvinylidene fluoride as strain sensor [172], high sensitivity gas sensors based on PANI/PMMA [173], PANI/fibroin microfibrous mat as reactive sensor [174], and PANI/polyamide 6/TiO 2 nanofibers for ammonia sensor [175,176].…”

The surface chemical composition effect of a polyacrylic acid/polyvinyl alcohol nanofiber/quartz crystal microbalance sensor on ammonia sensing behavior

“…For example, under long-term exposure to trace ammonia at the parts per million level, humans could face harm to their skin, eyes, and respiratory tract. 2,3 Hence, the development of sensors to detect accidental ammonia leakage in the environment has become important for ensuring human safety, and various types of ammonia sensors based on electrical-, optical-, mass-sensitivity have been fabricated in recent years. [4][5][6] Electrochemical sensors are most widely studied because of their cost effectiveness and high sensitivity.…”

Ammonia gas sensors based on In2O3/PANI hetero-nanofibers operating at room temperature

“…As the I – V characteristics show, it is confirmed that p–n heterojunctions had been formed between PANI and In 2 O 3 nanofibers, in which PANI is a p-type semiconductor and In 2 O 3 nanofibers presents as an n-type semiconductor [21,27,34]. The changes of the depletion layer of the p–n heterojuction are shown in Fig.…”

“…In this process, the electron transfer between the n-type In 2 O 3 and p-type PANI is obstructed due to the potential barrier. Thus the depletion layer between PANI and In 2 O 3 becomes wider and the resistance of the material increases [27,41–42]. According to the response definition ( S = ( R i − R 0 )/ R 0 ), the increase in resistance attributed to the p–n junction increases the sensitivity of composite nanofibers sensors.…”

“…However, the sensitivity of PANI remains to be improved [21–22]. To conquer the limitations mentioned above, the combination of metal oxide and conducting polymers have been developed as an effective way to achieve enhanced performance [21,23–27]. …”