Factors Affecting Both the Numbers of the Pinewood Nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Nematoda: Aphelenchoididae), Carried by the Japanese Pine Sawyer, Monochamus alternatus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), and the Nematode's Life History

Effects of two species of cerambycid beetles, tribe Lamiini (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), on the phoretic stage formation of two species of nematodes, genus Bursaphelenchus (Nematoda: Aphelenchoididae)

“…JIV of B. xylophilus, the phoretic stage carried by vector beetles, develops in the presence of beetles in the genus Monochamus (Morimoto and Iwasaki, 1973;Maehara and Futai, 1996;Necibi and Linit, 1998;Ogura and Nakashima, 2002;Nakazato et al, 2012), while JIII of B. xylophilus occurs in both the presence and the absence of beetles. Necibi and Linit (1998) indicated that the formation of B. xylophilus JIV occurred in the presence of the late pupae or callow adults of M. carolinensis and that homogenates of the beetle also induced B. xylophilus JIV formation.…”

“…The fourth-stage dispersal juvenile (JIV) of B. xylophilus is important in the nematode life cycle because it is the phoretic stage carried by vector beetles. JIV of B. xylophilus develops in the presence of beetles in the genus Monochamus (Morimoto and Iwasaki, 1973;Maehara and Futai, 1996;Necibi and Linit, 1998;Ogura and Nakashima, 2002;Nakazato et al, 2012) and enters the tracheae of the beetles. JIV of B. conicaudatus is carried by P. hilaris (Kanzaki et al, 2000), while the phoretic stage of B. luxuriosae carried by A. luxuriosa is not JIV but a putative entomoparasitic adult form (PA) that enters the tracheae and body cavity of the beetle (Kanzaki et al, 2009).…”

Occurrence of Bursaphelenchus mucronatus (Nematoda; Aphelenchoididae) in France and association with Monochamus galloprovincialis (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)

“…Factors affecting the number of nematodes transmitted to trees by beetles can certainly interfere, for example through initial nematode load and longevity of insect vector, which can themselves depend on humidity and fungal flora in the beetle galleries, as shown for B. xylophilus [19,20,36,40]. The local abundance of the main vector also certainly plays a role in the intensity of infestation by B. mucronatus since, when considering the localities where B. mucronatus was found in our results, the number of wood samples containing B. mucronatus was directly related to the number of M. galloprovincialis emergence holes.…”

An Effect of Inoculum Quantity of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Nematoda: Aphelenchoididae) on the Nematode Load of Monochamus alternatus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in Laboratory

“…This study also showed that the variation in the initial nematode load was significantly explained both by the time required from the nematode and larval inoculation to the adult vector emergence and by the abundance level of the fourth-stage dispersal juveniles of the nematode standing or swaying on the wall of artificial pupal chamber. The fourth-stage dispersal juveniles of B. xylophilus occur in the presence of insect vectors (7,15) . In our study, correlation analysis suggests that neither length of time during which the nematodes coexist with the vectors nor the reduction in vector body weight had influence on the abundance level of the fourth-stage dispersal juveniles standing or swaying on the artificial pupal chamber wall.…”