Fire Retardancy of Fire-retardant-impregnated Wood after Natural Weathering I.

Kawarasaki, Masayuki; Hiradate, Ryoichi; Hirabayashi, Yasushi; Kikuchi, Satoshi; Ohmiya, Yoshifumi; Lee, Jae-Young; Noaki, Masaki; Nakamura, Noboru

doi:10.2488/jwrs.64.105

Cited by 7 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…They are not suitable for outdoor uses, although additional water-repellent protection layers have been applied on the surfaces of treated wood. These layers minimize moisture migration, which can eventually remove FRs during weathering exposure, which would ultimately lead to a product with reduced fire resistance . Therefore, the design of wood products for exterior purposes requires the fixation of the FRs within the wood structure …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These layers minimize moisture migration, which can eventually remove FRs during weathering exposure, which would ultimately lead to a product with reduced fire resistance. 12 Therefore, the design of wood products for exterior purposes requires the fixation of the FRs within the wood structure. 13 The fixation of the FRs within the wood structure can be achieved by two different approaches, namely, reactive-or composite-type fixation.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Approaching Highly Leaching-Resistant Fire-Retardant Wood by In Situ Polymerization with Melamine Formaldehyde Resin

et al. 2021

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The objective of the work was to improve the leaching resistance of fire-retardant (FR) modified wood by the incorporation of a thermoset resin. Here, Scots pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) sapwood was impregnated with melamine formaldehyde (MF) resin and hydrophilic FRs guanyl-urea phosphate/boric acid by a vacuum-pressure treatment. Resistance to leaching of FR-modified wood was evaluated, after conducting an accelerated aging test according to European standard EN 84. Inductively coupled plasma analysis showed that the incorporation of MF resin significantly reduced the leachability of FRs. Scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry revealed that the mechanism of water resistance was by doping the FRs into MF resin microspheres. Fourier transform infrared spectra showed the chemical functionality changes of FR-modified wood such as the formation of methylene bridges by drying the modified wood specimens. An increase in the thermal stability of FR-modified wood was confirmed by thermal gravimetric analysis. Excellent fire performance of FR-modified wood after leaching was affirmed by the limiting oxygen index and cone calorimeter tests.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Approaching Highly Leaching-Resistant Fire-Retardant Wood by In Situ Polymerization with Melamine Formaldehyde Resin

et al. 2021

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“…These would include monoammonium and diammonium phosphate, polyphosphates, various sulfates, various nitrogen compounds, zinc chloride, sodium tetraborate, and boric acid. Most of these inorganic salts are prone to leaching, either from direct exposure to water or exposure to high humidity that leads to surface migration and crystallization (i.e., blooming) (Gardner 1965;Holmes and Knispel 1981;Kawarasaki et al 2018;LeVan and Holmes 1986;Marney et al 2004;Sweet et al 1996;Ӧstman et al 2001;Ӧstman and Tsantaridis 2016b). Juneja (1972a) patented a leach resistant FR system and then reported its effectiveness (Juneja 1972b;Juneja and Calve 1977;Juneja and Shields 1973).…”

Section: Fr Chemicalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

West Indian drywood termite, Cryptotermes brevis, in Australia: current understanding, ongoing issues, and future needs

Haigh

Hassan²,

Hayes

2022

Australian Forestry

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Wood is increasingly viewed as a more environmentally sustainable material owing to its low embodied energy, workability, and renewability, but its two major drawbacks are susceptibility to biological degradation and fire. Biodegradation is typically addressed through effective designs to exclude moisture or, where that is not possible, the use of either naturally durable or chemically protected timber. Naturally durable timbers are widely used globally while preservative treatments are increasingly used to protect less durable timbers. These practices have markedly extended the use and service life of timber in harsher environments. However, these treatments do not improve the fire performance of the timber and there is increasing interest in the use of fire resistive coatings or impregnation with fire retardants to allow use in bushfire prone areas. This review provides background on the problems associated with increased building and construction in the wildland-urban interface. It summarizes the codes, standards and state of the art practices needed for adequate fire safety in timber construction.

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“…Hence, a simple approach to the use of nitrogen phosphate salts, without modifying their chemical formulas for exterior use, can be applied by using extra water-repellent surface protection to avoid direct contact with water. Nevertheless, the salt is hygroscopic and moisture migration during weathering would lead to the salt being eventually washed away, which would ultimately reduce the level of fire retardancy [27]. It was shown recently [28] that hydrophobic polymer matrix encapsulation can effectively enhance the water leaching resistance of the nitrogen phosphate salt by applying melamine-formaldehyde resin microspheres to encapsulate guanyl-urea phosphate (GUP) and boric acid, resulting in a highly leaching-resistant FR wood.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fire Retardancy and Leaching Resistance of Furfurylated Pine Wood (Pinus sylvestris L.) Treated with Guanyl-Urea Phosphate

et al. 2022

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Guanyl-urea phosphate (GUP) was introduced into furfurylated wood in order to improve fire retardancy. Modified wood was produced via vacuum-pressure impregnation of the GUP–furfuryl alcohol (FA) aqueous solution, which was then polymerized at elevated temperature. The water leaching resistance of the treated wood was tested according to European standard EN 84, while the leached water was analyzed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) and inductively coupled plasma–sector field mass spectrometry (ICP-SFMS). This new type of furfurylated wood was further characterized in the laboratory by evaluating its morphology and elemental composition using optical microscopy and electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM-EDX). The chemical functionality was detected using infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and the fire resistance was tested using cone calorimetry. The dimensional stability was evaluated in wet–dry soaking cycle tests, along with the mechanical properties, such as the Brinell hardness and bending strength. The fire retardancy of the modified furfurylated wood indicated that the flammability of wood can be depressed to some extent by introducing GUP. This was reflected in an observed reduction in heat release rate (HRR2) from 454.8 to 264.9 kW/m2, without a reduction in the material properties. In addition, this leaching-resistant furfurylated wood exhibited higher fire retardancy compared to conventional furfurylated wood. A potential method for producing fire-retardant treated furfurylated wood stable to water exposure has been suggested.

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Fire Retardancy of Fire-retardant-impregnated Wood after Natural Weathering I.

Cited by 7 publications

References 2 publications

Approaching Highly Leaching-Resistant Fire-Retardant Wood by In Situ Polymerization with Melamine Formaldehyde Resin

Approaching Highly Leaching-Resistant Fire-Retardant Wood by In Situ Polymerization with Melamine Formaldehyde Resin

West Indian drywood termite, Cryptotermes brevis, in Australia: current understanding, ongoing issues, and future needs

Fire Retardancy and Leaching Resistance of Furfurylated Pine Wood (Pinus sylvestris L.) Treated with Guanyl-Urea Phosphate

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