First pass metabolism of ethanol is strikingly influenced by the speed of gastric emptying

Oneta, Carl; Simanowski, Ulrich A.; Martínez, Manuela; Allali-Hassani, Abdellah; Parés, Xavier; Homann, Nils; Conradt, Christian; Waldherr, Rüdiger; Fiehn, W.; Coutelle, C.; Seitz, Helmut K.

doi:10.1136/gut.43.5.612

Cited by 115 publications

(88 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…Accordingly, it may be suggested that the less-thanadditive effects of the combined exposure to nicotine and ethanol described in the present study could be due to a reduction in ethanol plasma levels. However, this reduction was only described in animals that received oral ethanol, which led to the suggestion that it is related to a nicotineinduced delay in gastric emptying (Chen and Harle, 2005;Gilbertson and Barron, 2005;Nowak et al, 1987;Scott et al, 1993), causing an increased ethanol metabolization by the gastric alcohol dehydrogenase (Oneta et al, 1998). In fact, other studies indicated that chronic nicotine does not change ethanol concentration if ethanol is infused intravenously (Hisaoka and Levy, 1985).…”

Section: Methodsological Issuesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Combined Exposure to Nicotine and Ethanol in Adolescent Mice Differentially Affects Anxiety Levels during Exposure, Short-Term, and Long-Term Withdrawal

Abreu‐Villaça

Nunes

Queiroz-Gomes

et al. 2007

Neuropsychopharmacol

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Smoking and consumption of alcoholic beverages are frequently associated during adolescence. This association could be explained by the cumulative behavioral effects of nicotine and ethanol, particularly those related to anxiety levels. However, despite epidemiological findings, there have been few animal studies of the basic neurobiology of the combined exposure in the adolescent brain. In the present work we assessed, through the use of the elevated plus maze, the short-and long-term anxiety effects of nicotine (NIC) and/or ethanol (ETOH) exposure during adolescence (from the 30th to the 45th postnatal day) in four groups of male and female C57BL/6 mice: (1) Concomitant NIC (nicotine free-base solution (50 mg/ml) in 2% saccharin to drink) and ETOH (ethanol solution (25%, 2 g/kg) i.p. injected every other day) exposure; (2) NIC exposure; (3) ETOH exposure; (4) Vehicle. C57BL/6 mice were selected, in spite of the fact that they present slower ethanol metabolism, because they readily consume nicotine in the concentration used in the present study. During exposure (45th postnatal day: PN45), our results indicated that ethanol was anxiolytic in adolescent mice and that nicotine reverted this effect. Short-term drug withdrawal (PN50) elicited sex-dependent effects: exposure to nicotine and/or ethanol was anxiogenic only for females. Although neither nicotine nor ethanol effects persisted up to 1 month postexposure (PN75), the coadministration elicited an anxiogenic response. In spite of the fact that generalizations based on the results from a single strain of mice are prone to shortcomings, our results suggest that the deficient response to the anxiolytic effects of ethanol in adolescents co-exposed to nicotine may drive higher ethanol consumption. Additionally, increased anxiety during long-term smoking and drinking withdrawal may facilitate relapse to drug use.

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Section: Methodsological Issuesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Combined Exposure to Nicotine and Ethanol in Adolescent Mice Differentially Affects Anxiety Levels during Exposure, Short-Term, and Long-Term Withdrawal

Abreu‐Villaça

Nunes

Queiroz-Gomes

et al. 2007

Neuropsychopharmacol

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“…Se determina, bien por la medida directa de la concentración de etanol en sangre o bien indirectamente por la medida de la tasa en el aire espirado 4,5 .…”

Section: Aspectos Socioeconómicosunclassified

Intoxicación por alcoholes

Roldan¹,

Frauca²,

Dueñas³

2003

Anales Sis San Navarra

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RESUMENLa intoxicación etílica es la primera toxicomanía en muchos países del mundo. Afecta a todos los tramos de edad, en los dos sexos y en casi todos los grupos sociales. La mortalidad asociada sólo a la intoxicación etílica aguda es excepcional, pero puede ser un importante factor si coexiste con ingesta de otras drogas de abuso. Es responsable directo de más de la mitad de los accidentes de tráfico. El diagnóstico es fácil por la anamnesis y la clínica y se puede confirmar determinando el nivel de etanol en sangre. El tratamiento es de sostén, intentando proteger al paciente de complicaciones secundarias.El metanol o alcohol de quemar se utiliza como disolvente, encontrándose también como adulterante de bebidas alcohólicas. La intoxicación vía oral es la más frecuente. Oxidado en el hígado a través de la enzima alcohol deshidrogenasa, la toxicidad se debe a sus metabolitos, formaldehído y ácido fórmico. La clínica consiste fundamentalmente en cefalea, náuseas, vómi-tos, hipotensión y depresión del SNC. El nervio óptico es especialmente sensible pudiendo producirse una ceguera total e irreversible.El etilenglicol se utiliza como disolvente y anticongelante; la toxicidad se debe a la acumulación de sus metabolitos. La clínica incluye síntomas comunes con la intoxicación metílica. Puede ocurrir fallo renal por necrosis tubular y depósito de cristales de oxalato.Palabras clave. Etanol. Metanol. Intoxicación. Fomepizol. Etilenglicol. ABSTRACTAlcohol intoxication is the principal drug addiction in many countries of the world. It affects all age groups, both sexes and almost all social groups. Mortality associated with acute alcohol poisoning on its own is exceptional, but it can be an important factor if it coexists with recreational drugs. It is directly responsible for more than half of traffic accidents. Diagnosis is easy by means of anamnesis and clinical examination, and can be confirmed by determining the level of ethanol in the bloodstream. Supportive care is the best therapy in order to protect the patient from secondary complications.Methanol, or alcohol fuel, is used as a solvent, and can also be found as an adulterant of alcoholic drinks. Poisoning by oral means is the most frequent. Oxidized in the liver through dehydrogenase enzyme alcohol, toxicity is due to its metabolites, formaldehyde and formic acid. The clinical picture basically consists of cephalea, nausea, vomiting, hypotension and depression of the central nervous system. The optic nerve is especially sensitive, with total and irreversible blindness as a possible result.Ethylenglicol is used as a solvent and as an antifreeze; toxicity is due to an accumulation of its metabolites. The clinical picture includes symptoms that are held in common with methylalcohol intoxication. Kidney failure due to tubular necrosis and the deposit of oxalate crystals can occur.

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“…Some of the alcohol which is ingested orally does not enter the systemic circulation but is oxidized mainly in the stomach (primary pathway involving gastric alcohol dehydrogenase enzymes) (Frezza et al, 1990), decreasing the bioavailability of alcohol (first pass metabolism) and thus BrAC. First pass metabolism of alcohol is modulated by many factors such as activity of gastric alcohol dehydrogenase enzymes (Frezza et al, 1990) and the speed of gastric emptying (Oneta et al, 1998). Delayed gastric emptying increases the time of exposure of alcohol to gastric alcohol dehydrogenase enzymes, increasing first pass metabolism of alcohol, leading to a lesser absorption and thus a lower BrAC.…”

Section: Alcohol Metabolism and Bracmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Indeed, one way to circumvent legislation of selling hard liquors to underage people or in order to appeal to a younger generation (particularly young women) without the stigma of "hard liquor drinking, " is to propose pre-mixed, ready-to-use drinks combining distilled alcohol with added ingredients such as fruit juice, sugars and flavoring agents. Moreover, in those events, acute alcohol consumption in young people is often taken on a relatively empty stomach increasing the systemic availability of alcohol (Oneta et al, 1998).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cardiovascular and cutaneous responses to the combination of alcohol and soft drinks: the way to orthostatic intolerance?

Maufrais¹

2017

http://isrctn.com/

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Aim: Acute ingestion of alcohol is often accompanied by cardiovascular dysregulation, malaise and even syncope. The full hemodynamic and cutaneous responses to the combination of alcohol and sugar (i.e., alcopops), a common combination in young people, and the mechanisms for the propensity to orthostatic intolerance are not well established. Thus, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the cardiovascular and cutaneous responses to alcopops in young subjects.Methods: Cardiovascular and cutaneous responses were assessed in 24 healthy young subjects (12 men, 12 women) sitting comfortably and during prolonged active standing with a 30-min baseline and 130 min following ingestion of 400 mL of either: water, water + 48 g sugar, water + vodka (1.28 mL.kg −1 of body weight, providing 0.4 g alcohol.kg −1 ), water + sugar + vodka, according to a randomized cross-over design.Results: Compared to alcohol alone, vodka + sugar induced a lower breath alcohol concentration (BrAC), blood pressure and total peripheral resistance (p < 0.05), a higher cardiac output and heart rate (p < 0.05) both in sitting position and during active standing. In sitting position vodka + sugar consumption also led to a greater increase in skin blood flow and hand temperature (p < 0.05) and a decrease in baroreflex sensitivity (p < 0.05). We observed similar results between men and women both in sitting position and during active standing.Conclusion: Despite lower BrAC, ingestion of alcopops induced acute vasodilation and hypotension in sitting position and an encroach of the hemodynamic reserve during active standing. Even if subjects did not feel any signs of syncope these results could be of clinical importance with higher doses of alcohol or if combined to other hypotensive challenges.

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First pass metabolism of ethanol is strikingly influenced by the speed of gastric emptying

Cited by 115 publications

References 40 publications

Combined Exposure to Nicotine and Ethanol in Adolescent Mice Differentially Affects Anxiety Levels during Exposure, Short-Term, and Long-Term Withdrawal

Combined Exposure to Nicotine and Ethanol in Adolescent Mice Differentially Affects Anxiety Levels during Exposure, Short-Term, and Long-Term Withdrawal

Intoxicación por alcoholes

Cardiovascular and cutaneous responses to the combination of alcohol and soft drinks: the way to orthostatic intolerance?

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