Flame retardation of polypropylene via a novel intumescent flame retardant: Ethylenediamine-modified ammonium polyphosphate

Synergistic effect of expanded graphite, diammonium phosphate and Cloisite 15A on flame retardant properties of EVA and EVA/wax phase-change blends

“…This is attributed to the formation of a more effective carbonized ceramic protective surface layer, which will delay the penetration of heat and oxygen into the materials, and the release of flammable decomposition products from the materials. It was shown before that an effective char layer enhanced the strength of intumescent chars and prevented the collapse of the charred structure [37].…”

Novel Multifunctional Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Curing Agent with High Flame-Retardant Efficiency for Epoxy Resin

“…1, comparing to the FTIR spectra of APP, some new absorption peaks at 2971 cm -1 , 2907 cm -1 and 1533 cm -1 , appeared after the cation exchange, which were corresponding to the characteristic stretching absorption of -CH 2 -CH 2 -and the bending absorption of -NH 3 + respectively, revealing the formation of DETA salt (R-NH 3 + ) instead of ammonium salt (NH 4 + ). 41 The peaks located at 3400-3030 cm -1 were ascribed to the asymmetry stretching vibration of NH 4 + . existence of NH 3 + -CH 2 -CH 2 -NH-CH 2 -CH 2 -NH 3 + structure in DETA-APP.…”

“…Shao and Wang reported a series of modified APP by cation exchange with different alicyclic and aliphatic amines, and successfully applied them in polypropylene (PP) as the mono-component polymeric intumescent flame retardant, resulting in desired flame retardance. [39][40][41] In addition, EP is almost useless in uncured state. It is indicated that the value of curing agent to it is unambiguous.…”

“…Preparation of DETA-APP. The procedure for preparing DETA-APP was illustrated as Scheme 1, according to the previous literatures [39][40][41] . The reaction was occurred on the surface of APP, making the APP core covering with aliphatic multi-amine shell.…”

Mechanical performance and flame retardancy of polypropylene composites containing zeolite and multiwalled carbon nanotubes

“…5 Intumescent flame retardants (IFRs) have been arousing more and more attention in recent years because some of their merits, including very low toxic gas, small smoke production during burning, and antidripping properties, compared with traditional halogen-containing flame retardants. [6][7][8][9] Generally, IFRs are typical condensed-phase flame retardants that are composed of acid, carbon, and gas sources 10 and work through the formation of an expansion porous carbon layer during thermal decomposition. This carbon layer can slow down the transfers of both heat and oxygen to the burning area and prevent further degradation of the virgin polymer and the volatilization of combustible gas.…”