Formation and characteristics of secondary aerosols in an industrialized environment during cold seasons

Abstract

Abstract. Secondary aerosols including inorganic and organic components often18 dominate the fine aerosol mass, it is thus important to elucidate the formation and 19 characteristics of these species. In this work, we measured the submicron aerosols 20 (PM1) by using an Aerodyne high resolution soot-particle aerosol mass spectrometer 21 in suburban Nanjing, China. The site was surrounded by industry plants, and the 22 measurement was conducted during cold seasons (February-March 2015). We found 23 that under such environment, the PM1 was predominantly comprised of secondary 24 species (on average 63.2% from ammonium sulfate and nitrate). Results show that 25 moisture plays a key role to enhance both nitrate and sulfate formations. The moisture 26 promotes the gas-particle partitioning and nocturnal heterogeneous production of 27 nitrate, while transformation of SO2 into sulfate directly in aqueous phase is more

Clinical predictors of surgical intervention for gastrointestinal magnetic foreign bodies in children

“…Medical personnel must actively adopt a treatment plan for children who have ingested by accident, prioritizing the use of gastroscope removal or gastroscope combined with laparoscopy to improve the foreign body removal rate, reduce the incidence of complications, and ensure the safety of children's lives. 16,17 Declarations Author contributions Y.R.Z. have made substantial contributions to the conception of the work and drafted the work; approved the submitted version the acquisition; agreed both to be personally accountable for the author's own contributions and to ensure that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work.…”

“…According to pertinent statistics, over 80% of cases of oral ingestion of foreign bodies are treated conservatively, and only 1% of children require surgical intervention. 2 . Common types of foreign surgical bodies include magnetic foreign bodies and button batteries.…”