From infection to healing: The use of plant viruses in bioactive hydrogels

Abstract

Plant viruses show great diversity in shape and size, but each species forms unique nucleoprotein particles that are symmetrical and monodisperse. The genetically programed structure of plant viruses allows them to be modified by genetic engineering, bioconjugation, or encapsulation to form virus nanoparticles (VNPs) that are suitable for a broad range of applications. Plant VNPs can be used to present foreign proteins or epitopes, to construct inorganic hybrid materials, or to carry molecular cargos, allowing their utilization as imaging reagents, immunomodulators, therapeutics, nanoreactors, and biosensors. The medical applications of plant viruses benefit from their inability to infect and replicate in human cells. The structural properties of plant viruses also make them useful as components of hydrogels for tissue engineering. Hydrogels are three‐dimensional networks composed of hydrophilic polymers that can absorb large amounts of water. They are used as supports for tissue regeneration, as reservoirs for controlled drug release, and are found in contact lenses, many wound healing materials, and hygiene products. They are also useful in ecological applications such as wastewater treatment. Hydrogel‐based matrices are structurally similar to the native extracellular matrix (ECM) and provide a scaffold for the attachment of cells. To fully replicate the functions of the ECM it is necessary to augment hydrogels with biological cues that regulate cellular interactions. This can be achieved by incorporating functionalized VNPs displaying ligands that influence the mechanical characteristics of hydrogels and their biological properties, promoting the survival, proliferation, migration, and differentiation of embedded cells. This article is categorized under: Implantable Materials and Surgical Technologies > Nanomaterials and Implants Biology‐Inspired Nanomaterials > Protein and Virus‐Based Structures Implantable Materials and Surgical Technologies > Nanotechnology in Tissue Repair and Replacement

Emerging Effects of Resveratrol on Wound Healing: A Comprehensive Review

“…Hydrogels are a polymer with a three-dimensional network structure formed by cross-linking hydrophilic, which can absorb large amounts of water and not be dissolved by water. Hydrogels can absorb large amounts of water and swell under surface tension and capillary action, where the three-dimensional network structure prevents breakage or dissolution during the swelling process [ 16 ]. Smart hydrogels are hydrogels that are responsive to temperature, pH, electric field and light, etc.…”

Gelatin-methacryloyl hydrogels containing turnip mosaic virus for fabrication of nanostructured materials for tissue engineering

“…For example, nanoparticles have been functionalized with growth factors (Fathi-Achachelouei et al, 2020), peptides (Babitha et al, 2018), cell attachment sites (Lee et al, 2016), antioxidant molecules (Di et al, 2020), and antibacterial compounds (Godoy-Gallardo et al, 2021), among others. Naturally occurring nanoparticles, such as filamentous viruses (i.e., bacteriophages and plant viruses), are now also increasingly recognized as promising nanomaterials and are showing wide use in tissue engineering (Merzlyak et al, 2009;Lauria et al, 2017;Lin et al, 2020;Dickmeis et al, 2021;Jackson et al, 2021;Venkataraman and Hefferon, 2021) and other biomedical applications (Steinmetz and Evans, 2007;Peivandi et al, 2021).…”

Chemical labeling and crosslinking of tobacco mosaic virus via multi-diazonium reagents: examples, applications, and prospects

“…Plant viruses can be easily obtained in grams with high uniformity and are biocompatible with mammals, and therefore, they have numerous advantages for biological and materials science applications. [25][26][27][28] Plant viruses can be divided into zero-dimensional (0D) icosahedral capsids and onedimensional (1D) rod/filamentous-shaped capsids, both of which are virus nanoparticles (VNPs) that can be tens to hundreds of nanometers in size. 25 Plant viruses are made up of many copies of one or more identical coat protein components that self-assemble into a capsid that encloses the virus genome.…”

“…[25][26][27][28] Plant viruses can be divided into zero-dimensional (0D) icosahedral capsids and onedimensional (1D) rod/filamentous-shaped capsids, both of which are virus nanoparticles (VNPs) that can be tens to hundreds of nanometers in size. 25 Plant viruses are made up of many copies of one or more identical coat protein components that self-assemble into a capsid that encloses the virus genome. Therefore, both genetic engineering and bioconjugation technologies have allowed plant viruses to be amenable to manipulations (Fig.…”

“…VNPs and VLPs can be generated by genetic engineering, bioconjugation, and selfassembly, all of which can be further functionalized by chemical labeling, biomineralization, or encapsulation. 25 Fig. 3 Schematic illustration of the TMV structures and the potential reactive positions of tyrosine 139 (yellow), glutamate 97 (red), and glutamate 106 (blue) in a capsid monomer.…”