Functional Role of Extrafloral Nectar in Boreal Forest Ecosystems under Climate Change

Holopainen, Jarmo K.; Blande, James D.; Sorvari, Jouni

doi:10.3390/f11010067

Cited by 7 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 173 publications

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“…All these findings underline the value of fern nectar to any opportunistic insect or mollusk, and we must assume that in nature there must be a wide array of animals searching for and feeding on fern nectar, even if such interaction would not necessarily represent a mutualistic relationship. In boreal forests, EFN are relatively rare, and Harppolainen et al (2020) suggested that EFN‐bearing plants might be outcompeted by aphid honeydew as the main carbohydrate source for ants. On the contrary, we could imagine that EFN have especially been developed in the tropics to counteract honeydew‐producing aphids by distracting their ants, and by offering them an alternative nectar source as suggested by Becerra and Venable (1989), but this hypothesis needs further investigation in ferns.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nectaries in ferns: their taxonomic distribution, structure, function, and sugar composition

Mehltreter

Tenhaken

Jansen

2022

American J of Botany

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Premise Extrafloral nectaries have mainly been studied in angiosperms, but have also been reported in 39 fern species. Here we provide a global review of nectaries in ferns and examined their structure, function, and nectar sugar composition in two genera. Methods We searched in the literature and living plant collections of botanical gardens for indications of fern nectaries, observed nectar‐feeding animals, studied the morphoanatomy in the two genera Aglaomorpha and Campyloneurum, and analyzed the total sugar concentrations and ratios of 16 species. Diurnal nectar release was observed with time‐lapse photography. Results We found evidence for nectaries in 101 species of ferns from 11 genera and 6 families. Most of the nectary‐bearing species were tree ferns (Cyatheaceae) and epiphytic ferns of the family Polypodiaceae. Nectaries consisted of cytoplasm‐rich parenchyma with large nuclei and an epidermis with or without stomata, were attached to amphiphloic vascular bundles, and released nectar on the lower leaf surface mainly on expanding leaves during the night. Sugar concentrations varied between species (3.8–15.3%) but not between genera, and were sucrose‐dominant (3 spp.), sucrose‐rich (7), or hexose‐rich (3). In the greenhouse, introduced ants, scale insects, and snails fed on the nectar. Conclusions The wide taxonomic distribution, variable morphology, locations, and sugar compositions point to multiple evolutionary origins of fern nectaries. Nectar release in young leaves might attract mutualistic ants to protect leaves against herbivores only during this most vulnerable developmental stage. Even ex‐situ, fern nectar is a valuable food source because it attracted several opportunistic animal species.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nectaries in ferns: their taxonomic distribution, structure, function, and sugar composition

Mehltreter

Tenhaken

Jansen

2022

American J of Botany

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“…The results of HB 2 show that growth traits are more affected by the environment, and tree height is more affected by the environment than DBH(0.13<0.28). The Type-B genetic correlation coefficient results showed that both tree height and DBH traits were affected by G×E (rb <0.7), and tree height was more affected.…”

Section: Heritabilityandtype B Correlationandgenetic Gain Of Selected Genotypesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They are essential for human because they give fresh air, nutrition, habitat, energy, and a source of income for the various people that rely on forest. Forests are habitat to 80% of the planet's species diversity and provide all of the fundamental needs for nearby human habitation [1][2][3][4] . Poplar (Populus spp.)…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of Genotype-Interaction of a 4-Year-Old Populus euramericana Using BLUP-GGE Technique

Liu¹,

Ding²,

Li³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Poplar is a globalized commercial tree species that supports humanity's economy, energy, and ecology. To evaluate the twelve hybrid Populus euramericana genotypes developed in China, a total of six locations were selected for the test, comprising four climatic types and three soil kinds. The objective of this study is to characterize the early stages of Populus euramericana growth and test locations; to identify good genotypes for stable and high yield that may be encouraged; and to offer practical experience and technical assistance for further breeding of Populus euramericana. Main research methods include the statistical description of tree heights and diameter at breast heights[DBH], the establishment of a mixed effect model to analyze the genotype and environmental interaction effect [G×E], the use of best linear unbiased prediction[BLUP] values as GGE biplots to achieve visual screening, and the calculation of genetic parameters. Results show that the genotype effect [G], the environmental effect [E], and the G×E is significant; the BLUP value has a strong correspondence with the observed value; the goodness of fit of all biplots can explain more than 85% of the variation; broad-sense heritability of tree height and DBH is 0.13 and 0.3, type-B correlation is 0.36 and 0.65; G5, G7, G4 and G9 are excellent genotypes with high yield and stability; using these four genotypes tree height and DBH can get 3.35% and 0.81% genetic gains.The study concludes as follows: Rank-change interaction and scale-effect interaction were distinctly occurred. The G, E, and G×E all had a significant effect on the growth of poplar trees during their early stage. G4, G5, G7, and G9 genotypes have favorable development characteristics. N146 is a great source of paternal genetics.

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“…The responses can result in a reduction in the attractiveness of trees to herbivorous insects [57, 58, 66 •]. Another study found that exposure to HIPVs enhances the production of extrafloral nectar in hybrid aspen saplings [62], which may attract more natural enemies of herbivorous insects [77][78][79]. A recent observation has shown that potted pine saplings exposed to neighboring plants damaged by pine weevils (Hylobius abietis) responded to subsequent herbivory by inducing higher emissions of volatile terpenes and were fourfold less fed upon by weevils [67 • ].…”

Section: Mechanisms Of Aboveground Bvoc-mediated Communication In Treesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tree Communication: the Effects of “Wired” and “Wireless” Channels on Interactions with Herbivores

2022

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Purpose of Review Approximately 40 years ago, key papers indicating that volatile chemicals released by damaged plants elicited defense-related changes in their neighbors, brought prominence to the idea of plant communication. These studies were conducted with several tree species and the phenomenon observed was dubbed “talking trees.” Today there is a wealth of evidence supporting the idea that plants can send and receive information both above and belowground. However, while early reports of plant-plant communication concerned trees, the literature is now heavily biased towards herbaceous plants. The purpose of this review is to highlight recent research on tree-tree communication with an emphasis on synthesizing knowledge on the ecological relevance of the process. Recent Findings Aboveground, information is often provided in the form of biogenic volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which are released by both undamaged and damaged plants. The blends of VOCs released by plants provide information on their physiological condition. Belowground, information is conveyed through mycorrhizal networks and via VOCs and chemical exudates released into the rhizosphere. Recent findings have indicated a sophistication to tree communication with more effective VOC-mediated interactions between trees of the same versus a different genotype, kin-group, or chemotype. Moreover, common mycorrhizal networks have been shown to convey stress-related signals in intra- and interspecific associations. Together these two forms of communication represent “wireless” and “wired” channels with significance to facilitating plant resistance to herbivores. Summary In this review, we examine tree-tree communication with a focus on research in natural forest ecosystems. We particularly address the effects of tree-tree communication on interactions with herbivorous insects. Aboveground and belowground interactions are both reviewed and suggested implications for forest management and future research are presented.

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Functional Role of Extrafloral Nectar in Boreal Forest Ecosystems under Climate Change

Cited by 7 publications

References 173 publications

Nectaries in ferns: their taxonomic distribution, structure, function, and sugar composition

Nectaries in ferns: their taxonomic distribution, structure, function, and sugar composition

Analysis of Genotype-Interaction of a 4-Year-Old Populus euramericana Using BLUP-GGE Technique

Tree Communication: the Effects of “Wired” and “Wireless” Channels on Interactions with Herbivores

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