Fundamental Virology, 4th Edition; and Fields Virology, 4th Edition, Volumes I and II:Fundamental Virology, 4th Edition;Fields Virology, 4th Edition, Volumes I and II

Knipe, David M.; Howley, Peter; Griffin, Diane E.; Lamb, Robert A.; Martin, Malcolm A.; Roizman, Bernard; Straus, Stephen E.; Rubin, Donald H.

doi:10.1086/339330

Cited by 188 publications

(296 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…IAVs have an antisense RNA genome that is divided into eight segments, which allows genetic reassortment between different viruses 2. The viral surface glycoproteins hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) are the main targets of the host immune response, and they are important for virulence and host specificity 3.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic characterization of influenza virus circulating in Brazilian pigs during 2009 and 2010 reveals a high prevalence of the pandemic H1N1 subtype

Rajão

Costa

Brasil

et al. 2012

Influenza Resp Viruses

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BackgroundInfluenza A viruses circulating in pigs in Brazil are still not characterized, and only limited data are available about swine influenza epidemiology in the country. Therefore, we characterized the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes of influenza viruses isolated from Brazilian pigs. We also evaluated one case of probable swine‐to‐human transmission.MethodsTwenty influenza viruses isolated from pigs during 2009–2010 in five Brazilian states (Minas Gerais, Sao Paulo, Parana, Rio Grande do Sul, and Mato Grosso) were used. One human isolate, from a technician who became ill after visiting a swineherd going through a respiratory disease outbreak, was also used in the study. Phylogenetic analysis for the HA and NA genes and hemagglutinin amino acid sequence alignment were performed.ResultsAll isolates clustered with pandemic H1N1 2009 (pH1N1) viruses and appeared to have a common ancestor. Genetic diversity was higher in the HA than in the NA gene, and the amino acid substitution S203T in one of HA's antigenic sites was found in most of the samples. The human isolate was more related to swine isolates from the same herd visited by the technician than to other human isolates, suggesting swine‐to‐human transmission.ConclusionOur results show that pH1N1 was disseminated and the predominant subtype in Brazilian pigs in 2009–2010.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic characterization of influenza virus circulating in Brazilian pigs during 2009 and 2010 reveals a high prevalence of the pandemic H1N1 subtype

Rajão

Costa

Brasil

et al. 2012

Influenza Resp Viruses

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“…1,2 Virus structures consist of essentially closed structures ͑capsids͒ made by the protein molecules, with the genome assembled inside the capsid. Broadly speaking, the virus structures assume either icosohedral structures, or cylindrical structures, or composites of an icosohedron and a cylinder.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The capsid is composed of multiple copies of this building block, whose relative positions obey icosahedral symmetry. 1,2 This high degree of symmetry is responsible for the success of diffraction techniques. 27 In contrast to the conspicuous hierarchical ordering associated with capsid proteins, packaged nucleic acid genomes of viruses in general retain a great deal of disorder and thus their structures have proven more difficult to study.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrostatics of capsid-induced viral RNA organization

Forrey

Muthukumar

2009

The Journal of Chemical Physics

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We have addressed the role of electrostatics in the formation of genome structure in the Pariacoto virus, where substantial experimental data are available. We have used Langevin dynamics simulation of a coarse-grained model, based on the published crystal structure of the rigid portion of the Pariacoto capsid and including flexible N-terminal protein arms, attached to the rigid capsid at the appropriate locations. The inclusion of charged residues in our model was dictated solely by the location of charges inherent in the Pariacoto sequence itself. Although the viral genome and other exogenous RNA sequences used in experimental studies can assume secondary structures, we have intentionally used uniformly charged flexible polyelectrolyte lacking predetermined secondary structures as the substitute for the viral genome, in order to see whether the same final assembled genome structure emerges without invoking secondary RNA structures. The intent of our study was to investigate the internal environment presented by the capsid proteins of Pariacoto virus, specifically whether the topological features and electrostatic potential at the inner capsid surface can induce complexation of generic negatively charged polyelectrolyte into structures similar to those observed experimentally with packaged RNA. We find that the charge decoration on the interior of the capsid templates the assembly of the flexible polyelectrolyte, allowing hybridizationlike folding of similarly charged strands, and eventually organizing dodecahedral assembly of the polymer. Our results from a generic flexible polyelectrolyte for the assembled structure and bimodal monomer distribution are remarkably matched to that of the viral RNA found experimentally. Results of our work can be interpreted primarily as a consequence of electrostatics, as consideration of base-pairing has been omitted. We propose that our work supports the growing body of evidence that electrostatic interactions play a crucial role in RNA viral assembly and structure.

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“…The typical HPV genome contains six open reading frames (ORFs) encoding the structural proteins (L1 and L2), proteins that mediate the viral life cycle (E1 and E2) and proteins that regulate host-cell DNA replication and transformation (E6 and E7) (Knipe et al, 2001). E6 and E7 bind the cell-cycle regulators p53 and pRb, respectively.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Classification of HPV types into categories, such as 'cancer-causing' and 'non-cancer-causing' or cutaneous and mucosal, is based on both epidemiological and phylogenetic studies (Chan et al, 1995;Pfister & Fuchs, 1994;Van Ranst et al, 1992, 1993. Most oncogenic types share a common ancestor and most common ancestors radiate within an ecological niche, such as the skin or mucosa.The typical HPV genome contains six open reading frames (ORFs) encoding the structural proteins (L1 and L2), proteins that mediate the viral life cycle (E1 and E2) and proteins that regulate host-cell DNA replication and transformation (E6 and E7) (Knipe et al, 2001). E6 and E7 bind the cell-cycle regulators p53 and pRb, respectively.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Overlapping reading frames in closely related human papillomaviruses result in modular rates of selection within E2

Narechania

Terai

Burk

2005

Journal of General Virology

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A core group of four open reading frames (ORFs) is present in all known papillomaviruses (PVs): the E1 and E2 replication/transcription proteins and the L1 and L2 structural proteins. Because they are involved in processes that are essential to PV propagation, the sequences of these proteins are well-conserved. However, sequencing of novel subtypes for human papillomaviruses (HPV) 54 (AE9) and 82 (AE2/IS39), coupled to analysis of four other closely related genital HPV pairs, indicated that E2 has a higher dN/dS ratio than E1, L1 or L2. The elevated ratio is not homogeneous across the length of the ORF, but instead varies with respect to E2's three domains. The E2 hinge region is of particular interest, because its hypervariability (dN/dS>1) differs markedly from the two domains that it joins: the transcription-activation domain and the DNA-binding domain. Deciphering whether the hinge region's high rate of non-synonymous change is the result of positive Darwinian selection or relaxed constraint depends on the evolutionary behaviour of E4, an ORF that overlaps E2. The E2 hinge region is contained within E4 and non-synonymous changes in the hinge are associated with a disproportionate amount of synonymous change in E4, a case of simultaneous positive and purifying selection in overlapping reading frames. Modular rates of selection among E2 domains are a likely consequence of the presence of an embedded E4. E4 appears to be positioned in a part of the HPV genome that can tolerate non-synonymous change and purifying selection of E4 may be indicative of its functional importance. INTRODUCTIONHuman papillomaviruses (HPVs) include a group of closedcircular, double-stranded DNA viruses established as the aetiological agents of cervical neoplasia and invasive cervical cancer Muñoz et al., 2003). Over 100 putative HPVs have been described, more than 90 of which have been cloned and officially designated (de Villiers et al., 2004). Despite an array of types, the development of cervical carcinoma is restricted to a subset of high-risk viruses, of which HPV16 and HPV18 together account for nearly two-thirds of observed cases (Muñoz et al., 2003). Classification of HPV types into categories, such as 'cancer-causing' and 'non-cancer-causing' or cutaneous and mucosal, is based on both epidemiological and phylogenetic studies (Chan et al., 1995;Pfister & Fuchs, 1994;Van Ranst et al., 1992, 1993. Most oncogenic types share a common ancestor and most common ancestors radiate within an ecological niche, such as the skin or mucosa.The typical HPV genome contains six open reading frames (ORFs) encoding the structural proteins (L1 and L2), proteins that mediate the viral life cycle (E1 and E2) and proteins that regulate host-cell DNA replication and transformation (E6 and E7) (Knipe et al., 2001). E6 and E7 bind the cell-cycle regulators p53 and pRb, respectively. Among highly cancerous types, these oncogenes degrade p53 and pRb, resulting in host-cell immortalization and proliferation (reviewed by Fehrmann & Laimins, 2003). Some p...

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Fundamental Virology, 4th Edition; and Fields Virology, 4th Edition, Volumes I and II:Fundamental Virology, 4th Edition;Fields Virology, 4th Edition, Volumes I and II

Cited by 188 publications

References 4 publications

Genetic characterization of influenza virus circulating in Brazilian pigs during 2009 and 2010 reveals a high prevalence of the pandemic H1N1 subtype

Genetic characterization of influenza virus circulating in Brazilian pigs during 2009 and 2010 reveals a high prevalence of the pandemic H1N1 subtype

Electrostatics of capsid-induced viral RNA organization

Overlapping reading frames in closely related human papillomaviruses result in modular rates of selection within E2

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