Gender-Related Differences in Trimethylamine and Oxidative Blood Biomarkers in Cardiovascular Disease Patients

Abstract

Gender differences in the burden of cardiovascular disease (CVD) have been observed worldwide. In this study, plasmatic levels of trimethylamine (TMA) and blood oxidative biomarkers have been evaluated in 358 men (89 controls and 269 CVD patients) and 189 women (64 control and 125 CVD patients). The fluorescence technique was applied to determine erythrocyte membrane fluidity using 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (DPH) and Laurdan, while lipid hydroperoxides were assessed by diphenyl−1-pyrenylphosphine (DPPP). Results show that levels of plasmatic TMA were higher in healthy men with respect to healthy women (p = 0.0001). Significantly lower TMA was observed in male CVD patients (0.609 ± 0.104 μM) compared to healthy male controls (0.680 ± 0.118 μM) (p < 0.001), while higher levels of TMA were measured in female CVD patients (0.595 ± 0.115 μM) with respect to female controls (0.529 ± 0.073 μM) (p < 0.001). DPPP was significantly higher in healthy control men than in women (p < 0.001). Male CVD patients displayed a lower value of DPPP (2777 ± 1924) compared to healthy controls (5528 ± 2222) (p < 0.001), while no significant changes were measured in females with or without CVD (p > 0.05). Membrane fluidity was significantly higher (p < 0.001) in the hydrophobic bilayer only in control male subjects. In conclusion, gender differences were observed in blood oxidative biomarkers, and DPPP value might be suggested as a biomarker predictive of CVD only in men.

miR-31-5p Promotes Oxidative Stress and Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Migration in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats via Inhibiting FNDC5 Expression

“…The upregulation of NOX2 induces oxidative stress, and the inhibition of NOX2 reduces ROS production in vascular diseases [8]. Oxidative stress-related biomarkers may have a potential prognostic value for vascular diseases [9]. The inhibition of oxidative stress is considered to be a therapeutic strategy for cardiovascular diseases including hypertension [10].…”

Connections between serum Trimethylamine N-Oxide (TMAO), a gut-derived metabolite, and vascular biomarkers evaluating arterial stiffness and subclinical atherosclerosis in children with obesity

“…TMA, the substrate for TMAO, is higher in healthy men compared to healthy women. Lower TMA in men with cardiovascular disease has been reported in comparison to healthy men, while higher TMA was reported in cardiovascular female patients compared to healthy females ( 159 ). These variations could be linked to the redox and metabolic system because in normal conditions, females are less affected by oxidative stress which directly impacts cardiovascular health and atherosclerosis ( 160 ).…”

Genetic Polymorphisms and Their Interactions with the Risk Factors of Cardiovascular Diseases: Review Chapter

“…(CEPT) -cholesterol metabolism) [132,133], Angiotensinogen (AGT) M235T (hypertension) [134], G308A (pro-inflammatory) [135], A522T (dyslipidaemia) [136] and rs9939609 (obesity predisposition) [137]. Most of the studies investigating genetic polymorphisms associated with CVD in the past 10 years have been conducted in populations of different ancestry and ethnicity [58,59].…”

“…The CETP polymorphisms (rs247616, rs1968905 and rs1270922) are SNPs that occur as a result of substitutions in their nucleotide bases [89,133]. These polymorphisms have previously been used to determine the CETP levels in a CVD population [133]. Mutations in the CETP gene have been found to cause hyperalphalipoproteinaemia 1 (HALP1).…”

“…This eventually influences the metabolism of HDL-C [89]. Reports on the link between the CETP polymorphisms, CVR and the concentrations of CETP through LDL-C are inconsistent [89,132,133].…”