Genome Sequences of Antigenically Distinct Serotype O Foot-and-Mouth Disease Viruses from Pakistan

Foot and mouth disease (FMD) virus remains enzootic in Lao People's Democratic Republic (Lao PDR) due to insufficient control measures, including low vaccination coverage. We assessed virus epidemiology and evaluated knowledge, attitude and practice of Lao farmers and animal health stakeholders towards FMD to support politics in devising evidence-based control measures. Sera were collected from 972 domestic ruminants in three provinces of Lao PDR: Vientiane Capital, Vientiane and Xiengkhouang provinces. Seroprevalence of antibodies directed against non-structural proteins of FMD virus was assessed using a commercial ELISA. Positive sera were further characterized by detecting antibodies directed against the structural proteins of FMD serotypes O, A and Asia 1. Information about farm management, biosecurity practices, livestock trade, and past FMD outbreaks was obtained. Overall 35% (340/972) of the ruminants had antibodies against FMD virus with a similar seroprevalence in each province. Seroprevalence depended significantly on the ruminant species (p < .001): 61% of buffaloes, but only 41% of cattle and 15% of goats were seropositive. While antibodies against FMD serotype Asia 1 were absent, 87% (297/340) of the seropositive animals had antibodies against FMD serotype O and 32% (110/340) against FMD serotype A. Many seropositive animals (31%) had antibodies against both serotypes O and A. The majority of the farmers could name the symptoms of FMD and the susceptible animal species. Although many had likely observed FMD outbreaks in their herd and were aware of FMD vaccines, only few vaccinated their animals. This study confirms that FMD remains enzootic in at least three provinces of Lao PDR where vaccination coverage is low. It also shows the relevance of nationwide active and passive disease surveillance, as well as of vaccination campaigns using bivalent FMD vaccines and targeting all susceptible animal species.

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High seroprevalence of Foot and Mouth Disease in Laos: Call for nationwide vaccination campaigns and disease surveillance

Xaydalasouk¹,

Innoula²,

Putthana

et al. 2020

“…However, the r1 values for two of the three viruses belonging to this sub‐lineage (i.e. PAK/10/2016 and PAK/4/2017) that formed a distinct subgroup on the basis of the 3A and 3BCD coding sequences, using antisera raised against these three vaccine strains, ranged between 0 and 0.1 (Bachanek‐Bankowska et al, ) and thus do not match well.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There are seven distinct serotypes of FMDV, namely O, A, C, Asia 1, SAT 1, SAT 2 and SAT 3, that do not induce cross‐protection against each other, after either infection or vaccination (Bachrach, ; Domingo et al, ). Within these serotypes, multiple lineages (or sub‐lineages) can be identified that sometimes fail to induce efficient cross‐protection against other viruses from within the same serotype (see Bachanek‐Bankowska et al, ; Jamal & Belsham, ; Jamal, Ferrari, Ahmed, Normann, Curry, & Belsham, ). In addition, the control of the disease is constantly challenged by the emergence of new strains (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence for multiple recombination events within foot‐and‐mouth disease viruses circulating in West Eurasia

Jamal

Shirazi²,

Özyörük³

et al. 2019

Phylogenetic studies on foot‐and‐mouth disease viruses (FMDVs) circulating in the West Eurasian region have largely focused on the genomic sequences encoding the structural proteins that determine the serotype. The present study has compared near‐complete genome sequences of FMDVs representative of the viruses that circulate in this region. The near‐complete genome sequences (ca. 7,600 nt) were generated from multiple overlapping RT‐PCR products. These amplicons were from FMDVs belonging to serotypes O, A and Asia‐1, including members of the O‐PanAsia‐II and the A‐Iran05 lineages, and of Group‐II and Group‐VII (Sindh‐08) within serotype Asia‐1, which are currently predominant and widespread in West Eurasia. These new sequences were analysed together with other sequences obtained from GenBank. Comparison of different regions of the FMDVs genomes revealed evidence for multiple, inter‐serotypic, recombination events between FMDVs belonging to the serotypes O, A and Asia‐1. It is concluded from the present study that dramatic changes in virus sequences can occur in the field through recombination between different FMDV genomes. These analyses provide information about the ancestry of the serotype O, A and Asia‐1 FMDVs that are currently circulating within the West Eurasian region.

“…Serotype C has not been detected within infected animals since 2004 and may be extinct outside of laboratories (Paton et al, 2021). Within the different serotypes, multiple lineages (and sublineages) can be identified that can be sufficiently distinct that they fail to induce efficient cross‐protection against other viruses of the same serotype (see Bachanek‐Bankowska et al., 2019; Jamal & Belsham, 2013; Jamal et al., 2011; Jamal, Ferrari, Ahmed, Normann, Curry, et al., 2011). The nucleotide sequence of the VP1 coding region, derived from a clinical or isolated virus sample, can be used to identify the serotype of the virus.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Serotype O FMD viruses are most commonly detected in Pakistan (Jamal et al., 2010; Jamal, Ferrari, Ahmed, Normann, & Belsham, 2011; Waheed et al., 2011), and the dominant lineage within serotype O is currently PanAsia‐2, which has diverged into different sublineages, for example O/ME‐SA/PanAsia‐2 ANT‐10 (see Bachanek‐Bankowska et al., 2019). However, recently, the presence of O/ME‐SA/Ind‐2001e viruses, from Pool 2, was reported in two samples from the Punjab province (Hicks et al., 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Foot‐and‐mouth disease viruses of the O/ME‐SA/Ind‐2001e sublineage in Pakistan

Jamal

Khan

Knowles

et al. 2021

Self Cite

The presence of foot‐and‐mouth disease virus (FMDV) of the O/ME‐SA/Ind‐2001e sublineage within Pakistan was initially detected in two samples collected during 2019. Analysis of further serotype O FMDVs responsible for disease outbreaks in 2019–2020 in the country has now identified the spread of this sublineage to 10 districts within two separate provinces in North‐Eastern and North‐Western Pakistan. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that these viruses are closely related to those circulating in Bhutan, Nepal and India. The VP1 coding sequences of these viruses from Pakistan belong to three distinct clusters, which may indicate multiple introductions of this virus sublineage, although the routes of introduction are unknown. Vaccine matching studies against O1 Manisa, O 3039 and O TUR/5/2009 support the suitability of existing vaccine strains to control current field outbreaks, but further studies are warranted to monitor the spread and evolution of the O/ME‐SA/Ind‐2001e sublineage in the region. (145 words).