Getting stoned: Characterisation of the coagulotoxic and neurotoxic effects of reef stonefish (Synanceia verrucosa) venom

Harris, Richard J.; Youngman, Nicholas J.; Chan, Weili; Bosmans, Frank; Cheney, Karen L.; Fry, Bryan G.

doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2021.04.007

Cited by 13 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…Lability is a key characteristic of stonefish venom. Stonefish venom has shown susceptibility to changes in pH, temperature, storage conditions, lyophilization and repeated freezing and thawing [ 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 ]. Additionally, there are reports of fish-to-fish variation in toxicity [ 49 ], and a recent study into S. horrida venom profile associated with different feeding regimes found that venom production is also affected by starvation [ 50 ].…”

Section: Composition Of Synanceia Spp Venomsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Apart from these, thromboelastography assays were performed using fresh and lyophilized S. verrucosa venom on recalcified human plasma [ 47 ]. Although fresh venom did not have an effect on clot strength, it exhibited anticoagulant properties, demonstrated by a delay in time until clot formation.…”

Section: Vascular Permeability and Cytolytic Effects Of Synanceia Envenomationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although fresh venom did not have an effect on clot strength, it exhibited anticoagulant properties, demonstrated by a delay in time until clot formation. Lyophilized venom, in turn, did not show significant anticoagulant activity [ 47 ]. Fibrinogen levels can be assessed by clot strength and, since clot strength was not affected, the anticoagulation activity observed likely occurred upstream in the clotting cascade instead of being directly related to fibrinogen cleavage [ 47 ].…”

Section: Vascular Permeability and Cytolytic Effects Of Synanceia Envenomationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Lyophilized venom, in turn, did not show significant anticoagulant activity [ 47 ]. Fibrinogen levels can be assessed by clot strength and, since clot strength was not affected, the anticoagulation activity observed likely occurred upstream in the clotting cascade instead of being directly related to fibrinogen cleavage [ 47 ]. Further testing could not unravel the mechanism of action, but Harris et al [ 47 ] suggested the venom possibly degrades phospholipids, which would ultimately lead to the anticoagulation seen [ 47 ].…”

Section: Vascular Permeability and Cytolytic Effects Of Synanceia Envenomationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recent research on crude fresh and lyophilized venom from S. verrucosa investigated the activity of the venom on mimotopes of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) from four different taxa [ 47 ]. The fresh venom was able to bind to all mimotopes, whereas the lyophilized venom was significantly reduced in activity [ 47 ].…”

Section: Neuromuscular Effects Of Synanceia Envenomationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Geographic Distribution, Venom Components, Pathology and Treatments of Stonefish (Synanceia spp.) Venom

et al. 2021

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Stonefish are regarded as one of the most venomous fish in the world. Research on stonefish venom has chiefly focused on the in vitro and in vivo neurological, cardiovascular, cytotoxic and nociceptive effects of the venom. The last literature review on stonefish venom was published over a decade ago, and much has changed in the field since. In this review, we have generated a global map of the current distribution of all stonefish (Synanceia) species, presented a table of clinical case reports and provided up-to-date information about the development of polyspecific stonefish antivenom. We have also presented an overview of recent advancements in the biomolecular composition of stonefish venom, including the analysis of transcriptomic and proteomic data from Synanceia horrida venom gland. Moreover, this review highlights the need for further research on the composition and properties of stonefish venom, which may reveal novel molecules for drug discovery, development or other novel physiological uses.

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Section: Composition Of Synanceia Spp Venomsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Vascular Permeability and Cytolytic Effects Of Synanceia Envenomationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Vascular Permeability and Cytolytic Effects Of Synanceia Envenomationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Vascular Permeability and Cytolytic Effects Of Synanceia Envenomationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Neuromuscular Effects Of Synanceia Envenomationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Geographic Distribution, Venom Components, Pathology and Treatments of Stonefish (Synanceia spp.) Venom

et al. 2021

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Interrogating stonefish venom: small molecules present in envenomation caused by Synanceia spp.

Saggiomo,

Peigneur,

Tytgat

et al. 2024

FEBS Open Bio

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The stonefish Synanceia verrucosa and Synanceia horrida are arguably the most venomous fish species on earth and the culprits of severe stings in humans globally. Investigation into the venoms of these two species has mainly focused on protein composition, in an attempt to identify the most medically relevant proteins, such as the lethal verrucotoxin and stonustoxin components. This study, however, focused on medically relevant small molecules, and through nuclear magnetic resonance, mass spectroscopy, and fractionation techniques, we discovered and identified the presence of three molecules new to stonefish venom, namely γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA), choline and 0‐acetylcholine, and provide the first report of GABA identified in a fish venom. Analysis of the crude venoms on human nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) and a GABAA receptor (GABAAR) showed S. horrida venom could activate neuronal (α7) and adult muscle‐type (α1β1δε) nAChRs, while both crude S. horrida and S. verrucosa venoms activated the GABAAR (α1β2γ2). Cytotoxicity studies in immunologically relevant cells (human PBMCs) indicated the venoms possess cell‐specific cytotoxicity and analysis of the venom fractions on Na+ channel subtypes involved in pain showed no activity. This work highlights the need to further investigate the small molecules found in venoms to help understand the mechanistic pathways of clinical symptoms for improved treatment of sting victims, in addition to the discovery of potential drug leads.

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The piscine arsenal: an updated review of venomous fishes

Harris

2023

Rev Fish Biol Fisheries

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Getting stoned: Characterisation of the coagulotoxic and neurotoxic effects of reef stonefish (Synanceia verrucosa) venom

Cited by 13 publications

References 49 publications

The Geographic Distribution, Venom Components, Pathology and Treatments of Stonefish (Synanceia spp.) Venom

The Geographic Distribution, Venom Components, Pathology and Treatments of Stonefish (Synanceia spp.) Venom

Interrogating stonefish venom: small molecules present in envenomation caused by Synanceia spp.

The piscine arsenal: an updated review of venomous fishes

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