Glyphosate Efficacy of Different Salt Formulations and Adjuvant Additives on Various Weeds

Abstract

In many crops, weeds are managed by herbicides, mainly due to the decrease in crop yields and farmers' incomes caused by them. In general, chemical control of weeds is considered to be an easy, relatively cheap, and highly effective method. However, not all weeds can be successfully controlled, either because of their natural tolerance or their herbicide resistance. Glyphosate is one of the most widely used herbicides in the world. It can manage effectively a broad spectrum of weeds, and promotes conservation agriculture by significantly reducing conventional plough tillage. Unfortunately, its extensive use has led to the evolution of glyphosate resistance, which has evolved into a major problem for global crop production. Alternative herbicides are, in some cases, available, but they do not usually control certain weeds as efficiently as glyphosate. The transmission of herbicides to the target site is a complex process, and consists of several stages. Each herbicide is affected and can be manipulated by the product formulation for the optimization of its use. Many experiments have confirmed that different glyphosate salts and adjuvant additives are instrumental in the optimization of herbicide absorption and delivery processes. The objective of this paper is to provide a brief overview of these experiments and summarize the literature related to the effect of various glyphosate formulations and adjuvants on weed control. Determining the differences among formulations and adjuvants may lead to the further optimized long-term use of glyphosate.

Optimization of Herbicide Use: Study on Spreading and Evaporation Characteristics of Glyphosate-Organic Silicone Mixture Droplets on Weed Leaves

“…Such information would be valuable for the effective control of noxious weeds like Conyza spp. [28]. Regarding L. lotifolium leaf surfaces, the droplets' spreading and evaporation process were significantly influenced by the fraction of the organic silicone.…”

Can Control of Glyphosate Susceptible and Resistant Conyza sumatrensis Populations Be Dependent on the Herbicide Formulation or Adjuvants?

“…Glyphosate is a broad-spectrum, foliar, non-selective and systemic herbicide acting as an inhibitor of 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) [1][2][3]. EPSPS is an enzyme that plays an important role in the shikimate pathway for the biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids: phenylalanine (Phe), tyrosine (Tyr) and tryptophan (Trp) [4,5].…”

Effect of Adjuvant on Glyphosate Effectiveness, Retention, Absorption and Translocation in Lolium rigidum and Conyza canadensis

“…Regardless of the vulnerabilities of glyphosate which have been reported in recent decades, this herbicide still remains a very effective tool against many annual and perennial weeds; its utilization, however, should be further investigated [1,2]. The use of adjuvants with herbicide active ingredients has been long reviewed and reported.…”

“…Glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine] has been used worldwide for several decades in a wide range of agricultural and non-agricultural situations, with glyphosate-based herbicides serving as broad-spectrum, water-soluble, non-selective, systemic, post-emergence herbicides [1][2][3][4]. Its mode of action is the inhibition of the shikimic acid pathway, blocking the synthesis of the aromatic amino acids (AAA) phenylalanine (Phe), tryptophan (Trp), and tyrosine (Tyr) [2,3].…”

“…Glyphosate is considered as the most important herbicide globally [2], which has led to overreliance on it. Repeated application of glyphosate has contributed to the widespread occurrence of glyphosate resistance in several weed species, with 48 glyphosate-resistant (GR) weed species reported [5].…”