Grayanotoxins. Occurrence and analysis in honey and a comparison of toxicities in mice

Scott, P. M.; Coldwell, Blake B.; Wiberg, Gunnar

doi:10.1016/0015-6264(71)90303-8

Cited by 43 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http:// www.tandfonline.com/page/terms-and-conditions Introduction Grayanotoxins (GrTx) are formed by the plant family Ericaceae, for instance by genera of Rhododendron, Pieris (Andromeda), Leucothoe, Craibiodendron, Lyonia or Kalmia (Scott et al 1971;Burke & Doskotch 1990;Teuscher & Lindequist 1994;Kron et al 2002;Qiang et al 2011;Li et al 2013). These secondary metabolites are diterpenes with a tetracyclic A-nor-B-homo-ent-kaurane skeleton called grayanane or andromedane, a polyhydroxylated cyclic hydrocarbon with a 5/7/6/5 ring structure (Wood et al 1954;Tallent et al 1957;Narayanan et al 1970;Burke & Doskotch 1990;Li et al 2013) (Figure 1).…”

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confidence: 99%

A case of human poisoning by grayanotoxins following honey ingestion: elucidation of the toxin profile by mass spectrometry

These

Bodi

Uecker

et al. 2015

Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A

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High-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) was applied for the detection of grayanotoxins (GrTx) in a contaminated honey sample. This sample was provided by a hospital due to a suspicion of intoxication after a patient had shown the typical symptoms of GrTx poisoning. Subsequent analysis proved the contamination with high amounts of GrTx and other toxins belonging to grayanane-type diterpenoids. This group of natural toxins is synthesised by the plant family Ericaceae and comprises more than 60 individual toxins, but only one compound is available as a reference standard. We applied a screening approach that easily confirms the presence or absence of GrTx without access to standards. By searching for predictable mass spectrometric fragment ions, including typical in-source fragments arising from collision-induced dissociation during electrospray ionisation, the complete toxin profile was screened and allowed the mass spectrometric identification of 15 individual GrTx. The potential of this approach is especially demonstrated by the fact that at least two of these toxins have not been previously described in the literature. A semi-quantitative estimation indicated a total toxin concentration of 358 mg kg(-1). An investigation of 49 honeys from the German retail market did not reveal the presence of GrTx.

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confidence: 99%

A case of human poisoning by grayanotoxins following honey ingestion: elucidation of the toxin profile by mass spectrometry

These

Bodi

Uecker

et al. 2015

Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A

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“…However, detection of grayanotoxin in honey can be done in suspected cases by paper electrophoresis [38] or thin layer chromatography [39]. Gas chromatography and gas liquid chromatography are also used as grayanotoxin is heat labile compound and has low vapor pressure.…”

Section: Diagnosismentioning

confidence: 99%

Mad Honey Poisoning: A Review

Gami¹,

Dhakal²

2017

J Clinic Toxicol

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Mad honey, which is different from normal commercial honey, is contaminated with grayanotoxins and causes intoxication. It is used as an alternative therapy for hypertension, peptic ulcer disease and is also being used more commonly for its aphrodisiac effects. Grayanotoxins, found in rhododendron plant, act on sodium ion channels and place them in partially open state. They also act on muscarinic receptors. Cardiac manifestations of mad honey poisoning include hypotension and rhythm disorders such as bradycardia, nodal rhythm, atrial fibrillation, complete atrioventricular block or even complete heart block. Additionally, patients may develop dizziness, nausea and vomiting, weakness, sweating, blurred vision, diplopia and impaired consciousness. Diagnosis is made with history of honey intake and clinical presentation. Treatment is symptomatic. Patients presenting with severe hypotension and bradycardia may need prompt treatment with fluids, atropine or even temporary pacing if other measures fail. Although fatalities are rare, poisoning may be hard to recognize and arrhythmias may be life-threatening.

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“…Ericaceae familyas ının çeşitli türlerinden izole edilen asetilandromedol (andromedotoksin)'in baz ı araştırıcılar tarafindan zehirli balda da saptanması Ericaceae familyas ı bitkileri ile zehirli bal aras ın-daki ilişkiyi ortaya koydu (7,9). Ericaceae familyas ı bitkilerinin çeşitli türlerinden izole edilen di ğer iki toksik bile şik andromedenol ve andromedoldür.…”

Section: Giri şunclassified

Zehirli Barın Grayanotoksin içeriği ve Rhododendron Türleri İle ilişkisinin Araştırılması

Karakaya¹

1977

Ankara Universitesi Eczacilik Fakultesi Dergisi

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Grayanotoxins. Occurrence and analysis in honey and a comparison of toxicities in mice

Cited by 43 publications

References 14 publications

A case of human poisoning by grayanotoxins following honey ingestion: elucidation of the toxin profile by mass spectrometry

A case of human poisoning by grayanotoxins following honey ingestion: elucidation of the toxin profile by mass spectrometry

Mad Honey Poisoning: A Review

Zehirli Barın Grayanotoksin içeriği ve Rhododendron Türleri İle ilişkisinin Araştırılması

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