Height, Weight, Tuberculous Infection, and Tuberculous Disease

Edwards, Lydia B.; Livesay, Verna T.; Acquaviva, Francis A.; Palmer, Carroll E.

doi:10.1080/00039896.1971.10665820

Cited by 108 publications

(61 citation statements)

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“…In four cohort studies, all performed before 1960, reactivation TB was observed to occur among persons with LTBI at rates of 0.10 to 0.16 per 100 person-years (11)(12)(13)(14). In contrast, our results show that the overall rate of reactivation TB among similarly HIV-uninfected persons with LTBI was 0.040 to 0.058 cases per 100 person-years.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 55%

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Revisiting Rates of Reactivation Tuberculosis

Horsburgh¹,

O’Donnell²,

Chamblee³

et al. 2010

Am J Respir Crit Care Med

131

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Rationale: Reactivation tuberculosis (TB) occurs as a result of reactivation of latent TB infection (LTBI), and was reported to occur in the United States at a rate of 0.10 to 0.16 cases per 100 person-years in the 1950s; it has not been measured since. Objectives: To calculate the rate of reactivation TB in a U.S. community. Methods: A population-based tuberculin skin test survey for LTBI was performed in western Palm Beach County, Florida, from 1998 to 2000 along with a cluster analysis of TB case isolates in the same area from 1997 to 2001. Reactivation (unclustered) TB was presumed to have arisen from the population with LTBI. Measurements and Main Results: The rate of reactivation TB among persons with LTBI without HIV infection was 0.040 cases per 100 person-years (95% confidence interval ½CI, 0.024-0.067) using the n method and 0.058 cases per 100 person-years (95% CI, 0.038-0.089) using the n-1 method. HIV infection was the strongest risk factor for reactivation (rate ratio ½RR, 57; 95% CI, 27-120; P , 0.001). Among persons without HIV infection, reactivation was increased among those older than 50 years (RR, 3.8; 95% CI, 1.3-11) and among those born in the United States (RR, 3.2; 95% CI, 1.1-9.3). Conclusions: Rates of reactivation TB in this area have declined substantially since the 1950s. The greatest part of this decline may be attributed to the disappearance of old, healed TB in the population. If similar declines are seen in other areas of the United States, the cost-effectiveness of screening and treatment of LTBI may be substantially less than previously estimated.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 55%

“…Direct measurement of the rate of reactivation TB among persons with LTBI in the United States was last performed in the 1950s. These studies prospectively followed cohorts of persons with LTBI and showed that the rate of occurrence of TB was 0.10 to 0.16 cases per 100 person-years (11)(12)(13)(14).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Revisiting Rates of Reactivation Tuberculosis

Horsburgh¹,

O’Donnell²,

Chamblee³

et al. 2010

Am J Respir Crit Care Med

131

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“…Sin embargo, si esta asociación existe, la explicación que la justifi ca aún no ha sido esclarecida por completo 23 . Estudios más grandes y prospectivos son necesarios para verifi car esta asociación, a pesar de que se han descrito asociaciones directas entre TBC y peso 12,[42][43][44][45] .…”

Section: Artículo Originalunclassified

Estudiantes de medicina en riesgo: prevalencia e incidencia de conversión de PPD

Chung-Delgado¹,

Guillén-Bravo²,

Navarro-Huaman³

et al. 2012

Rev. chil. infectol.

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25 kg/m² (RR = 0,16; IC95%: 0,01-0,97). No association was detected with gender, tobacco or alcohol use. Conclusions: There is evidence of a high basal prevalence of latent tuberculosis infection in medical students. The incidence rate is within expected values and high in comparison with the general population. People with BMI > 25 kg/m² have protection against a latent infection. In medical students, more attention should be paid to biosecurity.]]>

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confidence: 99%

“…Cegielski and McMurray recently reviewed the effect of micronutrient and protein calorie malnutrition on the risk of developing active tuberculosis (2). Although the evidence in human populations is mostly indirect and observational, these data, when combined with results from animal models, suggest that malnutrition increases the risk of developing active tuberculosis (6,11,12,27,30).Animal models have shown that protein and calorie malnutrition can impair macrophage activation (28), alter T-cell function and cytokine production, and decrease the number of circulating lymphocytes (13, 21). In both mice and guinea pigs, malnutrition increases the organ burden of disease, resulting in poor outcomes (3,23), and compromises the ability of the BCG vaccine to protect animals against pulmonary infection with virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis (1,5,25,26).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Dexamethasone and Transient Malnutrition on Rabbits Infected with AerosolizedMycobacterium tuberculosisCDC1551

Kesavan¹,

Méndez

Hatem³

et al. 2005

Infect Immun

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Malnutrition is common in the developing world, where tuberculosis is often endemic. Rabbits infected with aerosolized Mycobacterium tuberculosis that subsequently became inadvertently and transiently malnourished had compromised cell-mediated immunity comparable to that of the rabbits immunosuppressed with dexamethasone. They had significant leukopenia and reduced delayed-type hypersensitivity responses. Malnutrition dampened cell-mediated immunity and would interfere with diagnostic tests that rely on intact CD4 T-cell responses.Tuberculosis is a major global infectious disease accounting for more than 2 million deaths annually. The majority of cases occur in the developing world where calorie malnutrition is common. Cegielski and McMurray recently reviewed the effect of micronutrient and protein calorie malnutrition on the risk of developing active tuberculosis (2). Although the evidence in human populations is mostly indirect and observational, these data, when combined with results from animal models, suggest that malnutrition increases the risk of developing active tuberculosis (6,11,12,27,30).Animal models have shown that protein and calorie malnutrition can impair macrophage activation (28), alter T-cell function and cytokine production, and decrease the number of circulating lymphocytes (13, 21). In both mice and guinea pigs, malnutrition increases the organ burden of disease, resulting in poor outcomes (3,23), and compromises the ability of the BCG vaccine to protect animals against pulmonary infection with virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis (1,5,25,26).Here, we report the effects of transient, inadvertent malnutrition in rabbits. Rabbits were housed according to established and approved protocols at the George Washington University Medical Center, Johns Hopkins University, and the United States Army Research Institute of Infectious Diseases. Rabbits were infected with aerosolized M. tuberculosis CDC1551 at the United States Army Research Institute of Infectious Diseases by previously published methods (22). Animals were then transported back to George Washington University Medical Center in HEPA-filtered containers and then housed under biosafety level 3 conditions. Four animals were necropsied on the first day after exposure to aerosolized M. tuberculosis. Lungs were homogenized in phosphate-buffered saline. CFU were enumerated by serial dilution on Middlebrook 7H10 agar, supplemented with oleic acid-dextrose-catalase (Becton Dickenson, Inc., Sparks, MD) and four antibiotics (trimethoprim, 20 g/ml; carbenicillin, 50 g/ml; cycloheximide, 50 g/ml; and polymyxin, 200 U/ml). The right upper lobe was homogenized and plated to enumerate the number of viable bacilli. The average number of bacilli in the right upper lobe of the lung Ϯ standard deviation was 406 Ϯ 102 CFU, and the number was 3,741 Ϯ 921 CFU when extrapolated to the total lung. Impinger samples were taken at the time of infection with aerosolized M. tuberculosis and plated. Impinger concentrations of the organism, combined with each rabbit's ...

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Height, Weight, Tuberculous Infection, and Tuberculous Disease

Cited by 108 publications

References 0 publications

Revisiting Rates of Reactivation Tuberculosis

Revisiting Rates of Reactivation Tuberculosis

Estudiantes de medicina en riesgo: prevalencia e incidencia de conversión de PPD

Effects of Dexamethasone and Transient Malnutrition on Rabbits Infected with AerosolizedMycobacterium tuberculosisCDC1551

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