Hierarchical Porous Carbide‐Derived Carbons for the Removal of Cytokines from Blood Plasma

Textural Characterization of Micro- and Mesoporous Carbons Using Combined Gas Adsorption and n-Nonane Preadsorption

“…[14][15][16][17] These mesopores additionally favor enhanced materials transport within the porous structure and are therefore of significant importance. One well-known example for mesoporous carbon materials is called CMK (Carbon Mesostructured by Kaist).…”

Adsorption of Bovine Serum Albumin on Carbon-Based Materials

“…However, the development of medical grade activated carbon adsorbents allows their use in direct contact with blood without coating or with patchy coating which does not significantly affect their adsorption capacity towards the whole range of adsorbates [17]. The adsorption capacity of uncoated activated carbon is therefore determined mainly by the pore size range [11][12][13][14][15]. Proteins can be adsorbed in the mesopores with the width larger than 5 nm, depending on molecular size of proteins and their configurations [13].…”

“…It was shown that finely tuned carbide-derived carbons (CDCs) can selectively remove inflammatory cytokines from the blood [11][12][13]. It has also been proven that meso-and small macropores are essential for removing middle-and high molecular weight biotoxins from the bloodstream [11][12][13][14][15]. In direct hemoperfusion, it is important that the carbon-based adsorbent does not activate the blood coagulation cascade or cause platelet activation or hemolysis, which are among factors affecting bio-/hemocompatibility of biomaterials.…”

“…Proteins can be adsorbed in the mesopores with the width larger than 5 nm, depending on molecular size of proteins and their configurations [13]. The molecular adsorption is not selective but some selectivity towards large molecules can be achieved by the size exclusion effect as it was shown by higher adsorption selectivity of carbon adsorbents with small mesopores towards inflammatory cytokines, which are smaller biomolecules than most blood proteins [11][12][13]. Although the molecular adsorption of undesirable substances from the human body is the main mechanism of the therapeutic action of carbon adsorbents, the role of other factors that may contribute to their adsorption capability and selectivity remains uncertain.…”

“…The adsorption capacity of uncoated activated carbon is therefore determined mainly by the pore size range [11][12][13][14][15]. Proteins can be adsorbed in the mesopores with the width larger than 5 nm, depending on molecular size of proteins and their configurations [13]. The molecular adsorption is not selective but some selectivity towards large molecules can be achieved by the size exclusion effect as it was shown by higher adsorption selectivity of carbon adsorbents with small mesopores towards inflammatory cytokines, which are smaller biomolecules than most blood proteins [11][12][13].…”