“…A FET consists of a metal oxide and a semiconductor channel, with three electrodes, namely source, drain, and gate, 20 as will be detailed later. Bio-FET sensors are conventionally based on novel functional materials such as metal–oxide–semiconductors including zinc oxide (ZnO), 21 , 22 and indium gallium zinc oxide (IGZO); 23 organic semiconductors including poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene) (PEDOT); 24 – 28 one-dimensional (1D) nanostructured materials including silicon nanowires (SiNWs) 29 – 32 and carbon nanotubes (CNTs), 33 , 34 and two-dimensional (2D) nanostructured materials such as graphene, 35 transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs), 36 , 37 and black phosphorous. 38 – 40 Nanostructured materials have been extensively used as a channel materials for FET sensors and are a better replacement for conventional metal-oxide semiconductor (MOS)-based devices due to high surface-to-volume ratio, unique electrical properties, high sensitivity, good chemical stability, and biocompatibility, 41 making them suitable for detecting biomolecules such as neurotransmitters, proteins, nucleic acids, and cancer biomarkers.…”