Hydroxyapatite Extracted from Waste Fish Bones and Scales via Calcination Method

Abstract

Abstract:A hydroxyapatite is known as one of vital materials and common use in biomedical field and concentrated in clinical area. In relation to the above, the development of hydroxyapatite powder becomes an attractive research lines due to simplify in produce it. Thus in this paper the researcher stress out about Hydroxyapatite powder gained from the natural sources or so called as the waste of Tilapia bone and scales. The raw bones of and scale were undergo to crushing process to form in powder size (0.2 mm) then analysed by X-ray Diffraction (XRD) to identified the mineralogy of raw bone. Moreover the powder of fish bone and scales also go through to Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) machine to analyse the microstructure of the powder while EDS act as device to determine the chemical composition of the sample powder. Sample powder then forward calcination process at selected temperature range to as a cheaper method in obtained hydroxyapatite raw sources. The range ofcalcination temperatures are between 800˚C to 1000˚C.The sample preparation were analysed in both condition before and after calcination process by using XRD, SEM and EDS.The HAP crystalline composition of tilapia bones for raw powder and at 800 ˚C are similar with HAP pattern (JDS 00-009-0432) and the chemical reaction is Ca 5 (PO4) 3 (OH) then at temperature 900 and 1000 similar to HAP pattern (JDS 00-055-0592) with chemical reaction equal to Ca 10 (PO4) 6 (OH) 2 .

The effect of sintering temperature on characteris-tic and properties of hydroxyapatite extracted from fish scale bio-waste

“…Meanwhile, FSHAp-500 in Figure 3(c) display a characteristic peak at 2θ= 26.22 o and 34.92 o indicates for low crystallinity. There was slightly change in Figure 3(d) to width and height of peak at 2θ= 32.36 o when sintering temperature was increased up to 700 o C. This finding is supported by Mustafa et al [9], which reported increasing in sintering temperature had increased the peak intensity of hydroxyapatite and decrease the width of the peak as well. Others stated that a lattice parameter of HAp will be increased with an increasing temperature and the changes in crystal size [27].…”

“…Generally, there are two ways of synthesizing hydroxyapatite either through chemical precipitation or naturally extracted from natural resources. Synthetic hydroxyapatite involves chemical precipitation and wet method [8].Hydroxyapatite produced from natural resources are better in their metabolic activity and more dynamic response to the environment compared to the synthetic process since synthetic hydroxyapatite need an additional chemical to the process [9] Sintering hydroxyapatite in high temperature is needed to produce a pressed form of hydroxyapatite. Previous report made by Canillas et al [10] sintering of hydroxyapatite connect the grains and close the space resulting in larger particles.…”

Porous hydroxyapatite scaffolds fabricated from nano-sized powder via honeycomb extrusion

“…Upon removal from the furnace, a noticeable change in colour occurred in the HA extrudates between de-binding and sintering, whereby the extrudate displayed a blue appearance, having previously been white. This behaviour is common when upon sintering of HA [350,[359][360][361], and is attributed to manganese contamination during synthesis, and the oxidation thereof [360].…”

Extraction of Biological Apatite from Cow Bone at Different Calcination Temperatures: A Comparative Study

“…However, very complex, sophisticated, biological unsafe, toxic byproducts and the high cost are the main difficulties associated with HAP synthesized from inorganic chemical methods. HAP can be obtained from natural resources such as bovine [6,15,16], chicken bone [17], pork [18,19] and fish bone [20,21] by many extraction techniques such as vibro-milling method [22], alkaline hydrolysis, Subcritical water process, Hydrothermal, Thermal decomposition [23,24] to eliminate organic components so as to avoid infections, immunological defensive reactions and disease transmission [1,23]. Usually, the synthesis of HAP by most conventional chemical methods produced HAP without a trace of valuable elements.…”