Hypocholesterolemic impact of newly isolated sophorolipids produced by microbial conversion of safflower oil cake in rats fed high-fat and cholesterol diet

Abstract

SUMMARY:The present study aims to produce low cost sophorolipids, and to evaluate their potential hypocholesterolemic impact. Sophorolipids were produced by Candida bombicola grown on safflower oil cake, extracted by methanol followed by ethyl acetate with a yield of 24.4 and 48.3 g·100 g −1 mixed substrate, respectively. Their structure was confirmed by FTIR and 1 H NMR and proven to be safe when subjected to an acute toxicity test. A biological experiment was done on 42 male albino rats classified into six groups for 4 weeks following an induction period for hypercholesterolemia of 8 weeks. The two extracts and their mixture were examined for their hypocholesterolemic effect compared to rosuvastatin. The results revealed a reduction in total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, atherogenic index, liver transaminases' activity and malondialdehyde. They also revealed an elevation in high density lipoprotein cholesterol and antioxidant enzymes which was more efficient than rosuvastatin. Histopathological examination confirmed these results. In conclusion, the newly isolated sophorolipids are powerful hypocholesterolemic compounds which are even more efficient and safer than rosuvastatin.KEYWORDS: Candida bombicola; Hypocholesterolemic; Lipid profile; Rats; Safflower oil cake; Solid state fermentation; Sophorolipids RESUMEN: Efecto hipocolesterolémico de soforolípidos recién aislados producidos por la conversión microbiana de la torta de aceite de cártamo en ratas alimentadas con una dieta rica en grasas y colesterol. El presente estudio tiene como objetivo producir soforolípidos de bajo costo, evaluando su potencial impacto hipocolesterolémico. Los soforolípidos fueron producidos por Candida bombicola cultivada en torta de aceite de cártamo, extraída con metanol seguido de acetato de etilo con un rendimiento de 24,4 y 48,3 g·100 g −1 de sustrato mixto, respectivamente. Su estructura fue confirmada por FTIR y 1 H RMN y demostró ser segura cuando se sometió a prueba de toxicidad aguda. Un experimento biológico se realizó con 42 ratones albinos machos clasificados en seis grupos, durante 4 semanas, después de un período de inducción al hipercolesterolemia de 8 semanas. Se examinaron los dos extractos y su mezcla para determinar su efecto hipocolesterolémico en comparación con rosuvastatina. Los resultados revelaron una reducción en el colesterol total, el colesterol de lipoproteínas de baja densidad, el índice aterogénico, la actividad de las transaminasas hepáticas y el malondialdehído, mientras que mostraron una elevación del colesterol de lipoproteínas de alta densidad y de las enzimas antioxidantes más eficientemente que la rosuvastatina. El examen histopatológico confirmó estos resultados. En conclusión, los soforolípidos recién aislados son potentes compuestos hipocolesterolémicos aún más eficientes y más seguros que la rosuvastatina.

Bioconversion of Agroindustrial Waste in the Production of Bioemulsifier by Stenotrophomonas maltophilia UCP 1601 and Application in Bioremediation Process

“…Bioemulsifiers are produced by a wide variety of microorganisms, including bacteria, yeast, and filamentous fungi. When compared to synthetic sources, microbial emulsifiers have several advantages such as stability to wide ranges of pH, temperature and salinity, biodegradability, and low toxicity, which make them promising in many industrial applications [7]. Bioemulsifiers have been widely used in advanced oil recovery, bioremediation of hydrocarbon polluted environments, removal of heavy metals and chlorinated solvent compounds, etc [8,9].…”

Production and optimization of novel Sphorolipids from Candida parapsilosis grown on potato peel and frying oil wastes and their adverse effect on Mucorales fungal strains

“…It is well known, that Candida sp . have the ability to synthesize sophorolipids under the appropriate conditions related to the type of substrate and fermentation conditions [ 9 , 10 , 12 , 16 ]. In fact, our study was the first to confirm the isolation of SLs from C. parapsilosis.…”

“…Sophorolipids in many reports have been mentioned to have anti-cancer, anti-hypercholesteremic, anti-corrosion, anti-food spoilage, antimicrobial and bioremediation effects [ 5 , 6 , 10 – 12 ]. A few reports on the production of natural compounds from Candida parapsilosis, have been published where, Garg and Chatterjee [ 13 ] isolated docosenamide as a type of biosurfactant.…”

From bumblebee to bioeconomy: Recent developments and perspectives for sophorolipid biosynthesis

“…The use of solid waste streams in a solid state production set-up has also been evaluated, e.g. mango kernel (Parekh et al, n.d.), safflower cake (Nooman et al, 2017), motor oil waste and sunflower oil cake (Rashad et al, 2014). The effect of mixing steps of a solid state consisting out of winterisation oil cake and sugar beet molasses was profound and resulted in an increase from 0.179 g SL/g dry mass (DM) to 0.235 g SL/g DM.…”