SUMMARY:The production of sophorolipids by Candida bombicola NRRL Y-17069 grown in a mixture of sunflower oil cake and crude soybean oil as economic substrates with different fermentation techniques was studied. The highest yield (49.5 g·100 g −1 substrates) was obtained from solid state fermentation after employing a new concept for extraction by methanol (E I) followed by ethyl acetate (E II), then partially purified with hexane (E III). The course of time of fermentation was also studied, and E I extracted of the 12 th day showed the minimum surface tension (45 mN·m −1 ) at a critical micelle dilution (CMD) of 10% concentration. The produced sophorolipids were characterized and confirmed by FTIR and 1 H NMR spectroscopy. The anticancer activity of the produced compounds was assessed against MCF-7, HepG2, A549, HCT116 cancer cell lines and the results revealed that E III and E IV (a mixture of E I & E III) act as promising anticancer agents in HepG2 and A549 by inhibiting urokinase and histone deacetylase activities. KEYWORDS: Anticancer activity; Candida bombicola; Solid state fermentation; Sophorolipids; Soybean oil; Sunflower oilcakeRESUMEN: Producción, caracterización y actividad anticancerígena de soforolípidos producidos mediante fermentación en estado sólido con Candida bombicola de tortas de girasol y aceite de soja. Se estudió la producción de soforolípidos por Candida bombicola NRRL Y-17069 cultiva con diferentes técnicas de fermentación en una mezcla de torta de girasol y aceite de soja crudo, como sustratos económicos. El rendimiento más alto (49,5 g·100 g −1 de sustrato) se obtuvo por fermentación en estado sólido después de extraer con metanol (IE) seguido de acetato de etilo (EII), y de purificación parcial con hexano (EIII). También se estudió el tiempo de fermentación, considerando que el extracto IE de 12 días mostró una tensión superficial mínima (45 mN·m −1 ) a una dilución micelar crítica (CMD) de concentración 10 %. Los soforolípidos producidos se caracterizaron y se confirmaron mediante espectroscopia FTIR y RMN de 1 H. La actividad anticancerígena de los compuestos producidos se evaluó en células MCF-7, HepG2, A549, líneas celulares de cáncer de HCT116 y los resultados revelaron que EIII y EIV (una mezcla de EI y EIII) actúan como prometedores agentes anticancerígenos en HepG2 y A549 inhibiendo las actividades de uroquinasa e histona desacetilasa.

SUMMARY:The present study aims to produce low cost sophorolipids, and to evaluate their potential hypocholesterolemic impact. Sophorolipids were produced by Candida bombicola grown on safflower oil cake, extracted by methanol followed by ethyl acetate with a yield of 24.4 and 48.3 g·100 g −1 mixed substrate, respectively. Their structure was confirmed by FTIR and 1 H NMR and proven to be safe when subjected to an acute toxicity test. A biological experiment was done on 42 male albino rats classified into six groups for 4 weeks following an induction period for hypercholesterolemia of 8 weeks. The two extracts and their mixture were examined for their hypocholesterolemic effect compared to rosuvastatin. The results revealed a reduction in total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, atherogenic index, liver transaminases' activity and malondialdehyde. They also revealed an elevation in high density lipoprotein cholesterol and antioxidant enzymes which was more efficient than rosuvastatin. Histopathological examination confirmed these results. In conclusion, the newly isolated sophorolipids are powerful hypocholesterolemic compounds which are even more efficient and safer than rosuvastatin.KEYWORDS: Candida bombicola; Hypocholesterolemic; Lipid profile; Rats; Safflower oil cake; Solid state fermentation; Sophorolipids RESUMEN: Efecto hipocolesterolémico de soforolípidos recién aislados producidos por la conversión microbiana de la torta de aceite de cártamo en ratas alimentadas con una dieta rica en grasas y colesterol. El presente estudio tiene como objetivo producir soforolípidos de bajo costo, evaluando su potencial impacto hipocolesterolémico. Los soforolípidos fueron producidos por Candida bombicola cultivada en torta de aceite de cártamo, extraída con metanol seguido de acetato de etilo con un rendimiento de 24,4 y 48,3 g·100 g −1 de sustrato mixto, respectivamente. Su estructura fue confirmada por FTIR y 1 H RMN y demostró ser segura cuando se sometió a prueba de toxicidad aguda. Un experimento biológico se realizó con 42 ratones albinos machos clasificados en seis grupos, durante 4 semanas, después de un período de inducción al hipercolesterolemia de 8 semanas. Se examinaron los dos extractos y su mezcla para determinar su efecto hipocolesterolémico en comparación con rosuvastatina. Los resultados revelaron una reducción en el colesterol total, el colesterol de lipoproteínas de baja densidad, el índice aterogénico, la actividad de las transaminasas hepáticas y el malondialdehído, mientras que mostraron una elevación del colesterol de lipoproteínas de alta densidad y de las enzimas antioxidantes más eficientemente que la rosuvastatina. El examen histopatológico confirmó estos resultados. En conclusión, los soforolípidos recién aislados son potentes compuestos hipocolesterolémicos aún más eficientes y más seguros que la rosuvastatina.

Brief introduction Mucormycosis disease, which has recently expanded with the Covid 19 pandemic in many countries, endangers patients' lives, and treatment with common drugs is fraught with unfavorable side effects. Aim and objectives This study deals with the economic production of sophorolipids (SLs) from different eight fungal isolates strains utilizing potato peels waste (PPW) and frying oil waste (FOW). Then investigate their effect against mucormycetes fungi. Results The screening of the isolates for SLs production revealed the highest yield (39 g/100 g substrate) with most efficiency was related to a yeast that have been identified genetically as Candida parapsilosis. Moreover, the characterizations studies of the produced SLs by FTIR, 1H NMR and LC–MS/MS proved the existence of both acidic and lactonic forms, while their surface activity was confirmed by the surface tension (ST) assessment. The SLs production was optimized utilizing Box-Behnken design resulting in the amelioration of yield by 30% (55.3 g/100 g substrate) and ST by 20.8% (38mN/m) with constant level of the critical micelle concentration (CMC) at 125 mg/L. The studies also revealed the high affinity toward soybean oil (E24 = 50%), in addition to maintaining the emulsions stability against broad range of pH (4–10) and temperature (10–100℃). Furthermore, the antifungal activity against Mucor racemosus, Rhizopus microsporus, and Syncephalastrum racemosum proved a high inhibition efficiency of the produced SLs. Conclusion The findings demonstrated the potential application of the SLs produced economically from agricultural waste as an effective and safer alternative for the treatment of infection caused by black fungus.

Objectives Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4) activation plays a major role in triggering oxidative stress (OS) and inflammation implicated in the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis (UC). Due to sophorolipids (SLs) antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, they are interestingly becoming more valued for their potential effectiveness in treating a variety of diseases. This study was designed to explore the effect of SLs produced by microbial conversion of Moringa oleifera oil cake using isolated yeast Yarrowia lipolytica against UC induced by acetic acid (AA) in rats. Methods The produced SLs were identified by FTIR, 1H NMR and LC-MS/MS spectra, and administered orally for 7 days (200 mg/kg/day) before AA (2 ml, 4% v/v) to induce UC intrarectally on day eight. Biochemically, the levels of TLR-4, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), nuclear factor kappa B-p65 (NFκB-p65), interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), malondialdehyd, glutathione, Bax/Bcl2 ratio and the immunohistochemical evaluation of inducible nitric oxide synthase and caspase-3 were assayed. Key findings SLs significantly reduced OS, inflammatory and apoptotic markers in AA-treated rats, almost like the reference sulfasalazine. Conclusions This study provided a novel impact for SLs produced by microbial conversion of M. oleifera oil cake against AA-induced UC in rats through hampering the TLR-4/p-JNK/NFκB-p65 signalling pathway.

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