Retracted : Salidroside from Rhodiola wallichiana var. cholaensis reverses insulin resistance and stimulates the GLP‐1 secretion by alleviating ROS‐mediated activation of MAPKs signaling pathway and mitigating apoptosis

Abstract

The present study was aimed to investigate the mechanisms of salidroside (SAL) from Rhodiola wallichiana var. cholaensis on hypoglycemic and oxidative stress responses. The palmitate (PA)-induced GLUTag cells model and the glucosamine-induced insulin resistance model in HepG2 cells were built. SAL led to the up-regulation of the serum glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) level by facilitating the SCFAs production, the promotion of GLP-1 synthesis by improving p38 MAPK phosphorylation and regulating insulin resistance. Moreover, the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the expression of MAPKs were down-regulated. Furthermore, SAL was found to be able to inhibit PA-induced apoptosis that down-regulates cleaved caspase-3 and Bax expressions, while up-regulating Bcl-2 expression and up-regulates the Bcl-2/ Bax ratio in glucosamine induced insulin resistance model. Besides, SAL can also upregulate the mTOR/p70S6k signaling pathway in the PA-induced GLUTag cells model. Our data demonstrated that SAL could reverse insulin resistance and stimulates the GLP-1 secretion by alleviating ROS-mediated activation of MAPKs signaling pathway and mitigating apoptosis. Practical applications Our data showed that SAL could increase the GLP-1 level by stimulating the SCFAs production and p38 phosphorylation and facilitate the IR and GLP-1 synthesis by alleviating ROS-mediated activation of MAPKs signaling pathway and mitigating apoptosis. Furthermore, the SAL has also stimulated the mTOR/p70S6k signaling pathway in PA-induced GLUTag cells model. The results provided a possibility to employ SAL for diabetes treatment.

Mechanism of Cordyceps sinensis and its Extracts in the Treatment of Diabetic Kidney Disease: A Review

“…Persistent hyperglycemic environment enhances the protein glycation reaction, and increase of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), which can stimulate the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) (Abou-Hany et al, 2018). Accumulated ROS induces oxidative stress and inflammation, meanwhile activates various signaling pathway, such as mitogenactived protein kinases (MAPKs) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway, which in turn aggravated oxidative stress and inflammation (Tomás et al, 2002;Abou-Hany et al, 2018, Jia et al, 2018, Yan et al, 2020. Besides, excessive ROS could attack the unsaturated fatty acids in the biofilm phospholipid bilayer, causing lipid peroxidation and insulin resistance and then triggering multiple cascading reactions (Wei et al, 2019).…”

Salidroside in the Treatment of NAFLD/NASH

“…Moreover, it was indicated that SDS could improve IR and stimulate the GLP‐1 secretion ( Table 1) through reducing the activation of MAPKs signaling pathway ( Figure 2). [62] …”

“…Zhang et al, 2016 [46] HFD-fed rats 4.33 mg/kg #: TG, FFA, ALT, AST ": IRS, PI3 K, PKB Li et al, 2017 [55] HFD-fed mice 100 mg/kg ": AMPK/SIRT1 You et al, 2020 [61] HFD-fed mice following STZ injection 400 mg/kg #: MAPKs ": GLP-1, SCFAs Yan et al, 2020 [62] of ROS in mice could be markedly activated by furan, demonstrating that furan aggravated the oxidative stress in mice. [69,70] Study has shown that the activities of AST, ALT, GST and the levels of DBIL, ROS, and MDA in mouse were attenuated after treatment with SDS (Table 2).…”

The Therapeutic Effects and Mechanisms of Salidroside on Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases: An Updated Review

“…Yan et al. reported that SAL alleviated glucosamine‐induced insulin resistance in HepG2 cells in a dose‐dependent manner [39] . In addition, SAL was found to reduce insulin resistance and regulate mitochondrial quality control and ROS production by activating AMPK/silent information regulator 1 (SIRT1) signaling pathway [40] …”