2009
DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2008.08.017
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Implications of the ban on organotins for protection of global coastal and marine ecology

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Cited by 110 publications
(67 citation statements)
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“…Since the 1960s, organotin-based antifouling paints have been widely applied on the hulls of ships and boats and on surfaces that are in prolonged contact with seawater (Sonak et al 2009). This controls the growth of fouling organisms such as barnacles, mussels, oysters, and tubeworms, but also being described as the most toxic substance ever introduced into the marine environment (Goldberg 1986), have produced a detrimental environmental impact (Antizar-Ladislao 2008).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
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“…Since the 1960s, organotin-based antifouling paints have been widely applied on the hulls of ships and boats and on surfaces that are in prolonged contact with seawater (Sonak et al 2009). This controls the growth of fouling organisms such as barnacles, mussels, oysters, and tubeworms, but also being described as the most toxic substance ever introduced into the marine environment (Goldberg 1986), have produced a detrimental environmental impact (Antizar-Ladislao 2008).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In 2001, the Anti-Fouling Systems (AFS) Convention that prohibits the use of harmful organotins in antifouling paints used on ships was adopted, and subsequently, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) called for a global treaty that bans the application of TBTbased paints starting 1 January 2003, and total prohibition by 1 January 2008, in awareness of its undesirable effects (Sonak et al 2009;IMO 2001;CD 2002). India is neither a signatory to the AFS Convention 2001 nor does it have legislation prohibiting the use regarding TBT-based paints on ship hulls.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…To address this issue, several coating paints and antifouling additives have been developed, since the 1950s, in order to decrease the growth of this biological community (marine bacteria, algae, mollusks). The problem is that these additives containing tin, zinc and cooper are expensive and very harmful to the environment [1][2][3][4][5].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…[1,2] Antifouling agent is a kind of effective compound for inhibiting the attachment and growth of fouling organisms, some of which, for example, copper, lead and tributyltin (TBT), are not degraded in natural environment and make biological distortion. [3] Therefore, a total ban on the production of TBT-based coatings was implemented in January 2003. [4] Alternative biocide-based antifouling agents (Irgarol 1051, Sea-Nine 211, dichlofluanid, and zinc pyrithione) have been also found to be accumulated in waters and might induce toxic effects to marine organisms.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%