Implying social interaction and its influence on gaze behavior to the eyes

Holleman, Gijs A.; Hessels, Roy S.; Kemner, Chantal; Hooge, Ignace T. C.

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0229203

Cited by 17 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 74 publications

(132 reference statements)

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“…Participants' gaze was mainly directed to the face and within the face, especially to the eyes of their interaction partners. This pattern is consistent with findings of face exploration on static stimuli 47 , and in more naturalistic social encounters 4 , 48 , 49 . The investigation using dynamic stimuli has shown, amongst other things, that the fixation of the eye region is modulated by gaze behavior of the stimulus 20 and the facial expression displayed 50 .…”

Section: Study 3: Data Quality and Gaze Behavior In A Face-to-face Cosupporting

confidence: 89%

Evaluation of an eye tracking setup for studying visual attention in face-to-face conversations

Vehlen

Spenthof

Tönsing

et al. 2021

Sci Rep

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Many eye tracking studies use facial stimuli presented on a display to investigate attentional processing of social stimuli. To introduce a more realistic approach that allows interaction between two real people, we evaluated a new eye tracking setup in three independent studies in terms of data quality, short-term reliability and feasibility. Study 1 measured the robustness, precision and accuracy for calibration stimuli compared to a classical display-based setup. Study 2 used the identical measures with an independent study sample to compare the data quality for a photograph of a face (2D) and the face of the real person (3D). Study 3 evaluated data quality over the course of a real face-to-face conversation and examined the gaze behavior on the facial features of the conversation partner. Study 1 provides evidence that quality indices for the scene-based setup were comparable to those of a classical display-based setup. Average accuracy was better than 0.4° visual angle. Study 2 demonstrates that eye tracking quality is sufficient for 3D stimuli and robust against short interruptions without re-calibration. Study 3 confirms the long-term stability of tracking accuracy during a face-to-face interaction and demonstrates typical gaze patterns for facial features. Thus, the eye tracking setup presented here seems feasible for studying gaze behavior in dyadic face-to-face interactions. Eye tracking data obtained with this setup achieves an accuracy that is sufficient for investigating behavior such as eye contact in social interactions in a range of populations including clinical conditions, such as autism spectrum and social phobia.

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Section: Study 3: Data Quality and Gaze Behavior In A Face-to-face Cosupporting

confidence: 89%

Evaluation of an eye tracking setup for studying visual attention in face-to-face conversations

Vehlen

Spenthof

Tönsing

et al. 2021

Sci Rep

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“…To investigate participants' looking behavior when in the presence of another person, Laidlaw, Foulsham, Kuhn, and Kingstone (2011) placed participants in a waiting room with a live confederate or with a videotaped confederate displayed on a screen. They showed that participants are keen to look at a videotaped confederate in a waiting room but not at a live confederate (for recent work on this topic, see Holleman, Hessels, Kemner, & Hooge, 2020). The phenomenon of not looking at other people out of courtesy has been well described by Goffman (1966).…”

Section: Looking Behavior To Humans and Human Facesmentioning

confidence: 98%

Looking behavior and potential human interactions during locomotion

et al. 2020

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As humans move through parts of their environment, they meet others that may or may not try to interact with them. Where do people look when they meet others? We had participants wearing an eye tracker walk through a university building. On the way, they encountered nine "walkers." Walkers were instructed to e.g. ignore the participant, greet him or her, or attempt to hand out a flyer. The participant's gaze was mostly directed to the currently relevant body parts of the walker. Thus, the participants gaze depended on the walker's action. Individual differences in participant's looking behavior were consistent across walkers. Participants who did not respond to the walker seemed to look less at that walker, although this difference was not statistically significant. We suggest that models of gaze allocation should take social motivation into account.

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“…One important function of gaze behavior is to acquire visual information from the world, however, within a social context, gaze may also signal important information to others which may be used to initiate and facilitate social interaction (see e.g., Gobel et al, 2015;Risko et al, 2016). In a series of experiments, researchers have systematically varied whether, and the degree to which social interaction between two people was possible, and measured how gaze was modulated as a function of the social context (Laidlaw et al, 2011;Gobel et al, 2015;Gregory and Antolin, 2019;Holleman et al, 2020). In other studies, researchers have been explicit about the taskdemands and social contexts that elicit specific patterns of gaze behavior, for example, in the context of face-to-face interactions and conversational exchanges (Ho et al, 2015;Hessels et al, 2019).…”

Section: The Field Of Social Attention: Away From the Real-world And mentioning

confidence: 99%

The ‘Real-World Approach’ and Its Problems: A Critique of the Term Ecological Validity

et al. 2020

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A popular goal in psychological science is to understand human cognition and behavior in the 'real-world.' In contrast, researchers have typically conducted their research in experimental research settings, a.k.a. the 'psychologist's laboratory.' Critics have often questioned whether psychology's laboratory experiments permit generalizable results. This is known as the 'real-world or the lab'-dilemma. To bridge the gap between lab and life, many researchers have called for experiments with more 'ecological validity' to ensure that experiments more closely resemble and generalize to the 'real-world.' However, researchers seldom explain what they mean with this term, nor how more ecological validity should be achieved. In our opinion, the popular concept of ecological validity is ill-formed, lacks specificity, and falls short of addressing the problem of generalizability. To move beyond the 'real-world or the lab'-dilemma, we believe that researchers in psychological science should always specify the particular context of cognitive and behavioral functioning in which they are interested, instead of advocating that experiments should be more 'ecologically valid' in order to generalize to the 'realworld.' We believe this will be a more constructive way to uncover the context-specific and context-generic principles of cognition and behavior.

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Implying social interaction and its influence on gaze behavior to the eyes

Cited by 17 publications

References 74 publications

Evaluation of an eye tracking setup for studying visual attention in face-to-face conversations

Evaluation of an eye tracking setup for studying visual attention in face-to-face conversations

Looking behavior and potential human interactions during locomotion

The ‘Real-World Approach’ and Its Problems: A Critique of the Term Ecological Validity

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