Improvement of Early Growth of Endemic Sulawesi Trees Species Kalappia celebica by Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Gold Mining Tailings

Abstract

Kalapi (Kalappia celebica Kosterm.) is an endemic species of Sulawesi and listed in the IUCN red list as an endangered species. In addition, information about silviculuture of K. celebica type in the world is still limited. One important component of silvicultural techniques to support conservation efforts of K. celebica is the application of fertilizers such as mycorrhizal biofertilizers. The aim of the study was to examine the improvement of initial growth of K. celebica by inoculation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on gold tailings media. This research was conducted in the greenhouse of the Indonesian Mycorrhizal Association (AMI) branch of Southeast Sulawesi in March - July 2019. The study was designed by using a completely randomized design with 4 AMF inoculums treatments namely control, Acaulospora delicata, Ambiospora appendicula, and Mixed AMF types. Each treatment was repeated 3 times with 5 plant units of each treatment. The results showed that the AMF colonization ranged from 42.2 to 74.6%. The colonization of AMF significantly increased the early growth of K. celebica aged 4 months. Inoculation of A. delicata significantly increased shoot height, number of leaves, shoot and total dry weight. There was no difference of AMF effect in both diameter of the stem and roots dry weight. The dependence of K. celebica on mycorrhizal fungi was high about 51-71% (Mycorrhizal inoculation effect). AMF inoculation improves the initial growth of K. celebica, therefore, it can contribute to the conservation of tropical endangered tree species.

Diversity of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi of Kalappia celebica: An endemic and endangered plant species in Sulawesi, Indonesia

“…AMF are reported to be effective in the improvement and cultivation of endangered species and can significantly accelerate the succession and survival of species in conservation and restoration programs (Sharma et al 2008;Zubek et al 2009;Bothe et al 2010;Husna et al 2018). In Indonesia, the AMF application studies for the conservation of endangered species have been reported in Aquilaria malaccensis and A. crassna (Turjaman et al 2006a), A. filaria (Turjaman et al 2006b), Kalappia celebica (Husna et al 2019a;2021a;Arif et al 2021), Pericopsis mooniana (Husna et al 2016;2019b;2021b), and Pterocarpus indicus (Husna et al 2021b).…”

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi to enhance the growth of tropical endangered species Pterocarpus indicus and Pericopsis mooniana in post gold mine field in Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia

“…AMF has the potential to be developed for revegetation, reforestation and restoration and phytoremediation (Asmelash et al 2016;Tuheteru et al 2016;Husna et al 2017;Wang et al 2017;Dhalaria et al 2020;Riaz et al 2021). Several studies reported that the presence of AMF can accelerate plant growth in the land of various post-mining conditions in the world, including nickel mining (Husna et al 2016;Amir et al 2019), coal (Wulandari et al 2016;Agus et al 2018;Husna et al 2019a), and gold (Husna et al 2019b;.…”

“…AMF is very important for the conservation programs of endangered plant species (Fuchs and Haselwandter 2008;Panwar and Tarafdar 2006;Zubek et al 2009;Bothe et al 2010;Husna et al 2017;. In Indonesia, the AMF application for the conservation of endangered species has been reported in species of Aquilaria malacensis and A. crasna (Turjaman et al 2006a), A. filaria (Turjaman et al 2006b) and Gonystylus bancanus (Muin 2003), Kalapia celebica (Husna et al 2019b; and Pericopsis mooniana (Husna et al 2016;2019a). Postmining land restoration and tree species conservation with AMF application improve nutrient and water uptake, increase plant resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses, so that it can support plant growth and development on a greenhouse or field scale.…”

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal inoculation improves Nauclea orientalis L. growth dan phosphorus uptake in gold mine tailings soil media

“…Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) is a mycorrhizal fungi-forming agent of phylum Glomeremycota (Smith and Read, 2018). Various international publications reported that AMF enhances growth and improves seedling quality of plants in a greenhouse scale through improved nutrient uptake and water and increased plant resistance to abiotic stresses such as salinity (Al-Khaliel, 2010), drought (Qiao et al, 2011;Zhu et al, 2012), waterlogging (Tuheteru et al, 2015;Tuheteru and Wu, 2017) and heavy metals (Wang et al, 2005;Husna et al, 2016;2019). AMF is also potential to be developed as bioremediation agents (Simon et al, 2006; and in forest reclamation and restoration programs (Arshi et al, 2017;Maiti, 2013).…”

“…AMF is also potential to be developed as bioremediation agents (Simon et al, 2006; and in forest reclamation and restoration programs (Arshi et al, 2017;Maiti, 2013). In gold tailing ecosystem and mercury-contaminated soil media, AMF is beneficial for the vitality, growth and uptake of plant nutrients, as well as enhances the rebuilding of vegetation (Orłowska et al, 2011;Madejon et al, 2012;Fiqri et al, 2016;Husna et al, 2019;2020).…”