“…In peer review, which emerged in the Enlightenment and was firmly institutionalized in the 20th century (Shema, 2014), subject matter experts review articles, point outs flaws, and decide on publishability. This process likely improves the quality of the literature because authors must satisfy at least a few peers, and minicrowdsourcing expertise likely generates insights that individuals missed (Surowiecki, 2004; van Gelder et al, 2020). But it has numerous flaws, including interrater reliability that is barely above chance (Bornmann et al, 2010; Forscher et al, 2019; Lee et al, 2013), the singular authority of editors to select the reviewers (often with awareness of reviewers’ predilections), and its failure to prevent the replication crisis.…”