“…Recent studies show that primary teachers and teacher candidates have considerable difficulties in understanding the basic science and chemistry concepts, such concepts as chemical and physical changes, dissolution, heterogeneous mixture, and homogenous mixture (Akkuzu Güven & Uyulgan, 2021;Aydeniz, Bilican, & Kirbulut, 2017;Derman & Ebenezer, 2020;Håland, 2010;Härmälä-Braskén et al, 2020;Hermita et al, 2020;Lemma, 2013;Nandiyanto et al, 2018;Sopandi, Kadarohman, Rosbiono, Latip, & Sukardi, 2018;Yerrick & Simons, 2017). Therefore, more studies are needed to explain their chemical knowledge in great detail.…”