“…Explanations offered for gender discrepancies in adolescent depressive symptoms have pointed to differences in how these symptoms manifest (i.e., as internalizing or externalizing behavior) (Kandel & Davies, 1982), gender-specific coping styles (Nolen-Hoeksema, 2001) and reactivity to negative life events (Cyranowski et al, 2000;Hankin et al, 2007), gender differences in puberty-related hormonal changes (Angold & Costello, 2006), or the interaction between gender-linked risk factors and the multiple physical and psychosocial challenges inherent to the adolescent transition (NolenHoeksema, 1994;Nolen-Hoeksema & Girgus, 1994). Other authors have noted that gender differences are already apparent in early adolescence (Angold & Rutter, 1992;Cole et al, 2002;Costello, Mustillo, Erkanli, Keeler, & Angold, 2003;Galambos et al, 2004) and may be moderated by age, with the largest gap between males and females occurring in middle adolescence (Hankin et al, 1998). Thus, it would be important for future research to include participants younger than age 12 in order to capture the period during which gender differences are likely to emerge (Lewinsohn, Hops, Roberts, Seeley, & Andrews, 1993).…”