Influence of skidder traffic and canopy removal intensities on the ground flora in a clearcut-with-reserves northern hardwood stand in Minnesota, USA

Zenner, Eric K.; Berger, Alaina L.

doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2008.05.030

Cited by 42 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…Any disturbance to the forest ecosystem and/or soil affects adversely the native ground flora (Zenner et al 2006;Demir et al 2008), but some plant species are capable to show healthy habitat and a rapid recovery after extreme degradation of the soil (Demir et al 2008). Zenner and Berger (2008) reported that the soil compaction resulted in shifting of ground flora from interior forest species to noxious/invasive and disturbed forest species and relative resistance of the initial ground flora to change was found to be linearly related to relative resistance to penetration. The soil compaction influences the soil biodiversity negatively and it results in decrease in the microbial biomass, enzymatic activity, soil fauna, and ground flora in compacted soils.…”

Section: Ground Floramentioning

confidence: 99%

Soil compaction impact and modelling. A review

Nawaz¹,

Bourrié²,

Trolard³

2012

Agron. Sustain. Dev.

545

294

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Section: Ground Floramentioning

confidence: 99%

Soil compaction impact and modelling. A review

Nawaz¹,

Bourrié²,

Trolard³

2012

Agron. Sustain. Dev.

545

294

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Generally, soil compaction occurs in the first ten passes of a vehicle, but most of the compaction occurs in the first three trips; subsequent passes generally have little additional effect (Gayoso & Iroume 1991, Eliasson 2005, Eliasson & Wasterlund 2007, Ampoorter et al 2010. So it would be appropriate to concentrate machine traffic on carefully designed skid trails in such a way to minimize the affected area and leave most trees undisturbed (Zenner & Berger 2008, Ampoorter et al 2010.It is unclear, however, to what extent the slope gradient (i.e., longitudinal and transversal slope) of the skid trail and the direction of machine traffic (i.e., uphill vs. downhill) could modify the impacts of vehicle traffic on the soil. Whereas some studies have failed to document an effect of slope on bulk density following harvesting traffic (e.g., Sidle & Drlica 1981, Jamshidi et al 2008, others have shown that soil disturbances increase with slope gradient (Ezzati et al 2012), possibly because machines slip more and remain in a given place for a longer time on steep terrain, causing soil pulling and dragging (Gayoso & Iroume 1991).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of slope on physical soil disturbance due to farm tractor forwarding in a Hyrcanian forest of northern Iran

Jourgholami¹,

Soltanpour²,

Abari³

et al. 2014

iForest

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© iForest -Biogeosciences and Forestry IntroductionThe entry of forestry machineries into forest has resulted in some cases in levels of soil disturbance that may have adverse effects on forest ecosystems and subsequently on long-term tree growth (Miller & Anderson 2002, Landsberg et al. 2003, Ilstedta et al. 2004, Murphy et al. 2004. Numerous studies have documented changes in physical soil properties following harvesting machine traffic, such as increased soil compaction, soil displacement, rutting and soil profile disturbances (Adams & Froehlich 1984, Wronski & Murphy 1994, Rab 1996, Rohand et al. 2004, Eliasson 2005, Susnjar et al. 2006, Eliasson & Wasterlund 2007, Horn et al. 2007, Wang et al. 2007, Zenner et al. 2007, Ampoorter et al. 2010, 2012, Picchio et al. 2012. For instance, soil compaction, in which soil pores (especially macropores) are destroyed and surface aggregates are broken down (Ampoorter et al. 2010), depend on the soil texture and moisture at the time of harvest (McNabb et al. 2001, Bock & Van Rees 2002, but also on the number of machines passing on a specific point. Generally, soil compaction occurs in the first ten passes of a vehicle, but most of the compaction occurs in the first three trips; subsequent passes generally have little additional effect (Gayoso & Iroume 1991, Eliasson 2005, Eliasson & Wasterlund 2007, Ampoorter et al. 2010. So it would be appropriate to concentrate machine traffic on carefully designed skid trails in such a way to minimize the affected area and leave most trees undisturbed (Zenner & Berger 2008, Ampoorter et al. 2010.It is unclear, however, to what extent the slope gradient (i.e., longitudinal and transversal slope) of the skid trail and the direction of machine traffic (i.e., uphill vs. downhill) could modify the impacts of vehicle traffic on the soil. Whereas some studies have failed to document an effect of slope on bulk density following harvesting traffic (e.g., Sidle & Drlica 1981, Jamshidi et al. 2008, others have shown that soil disturbances increase with slope gradient (Ezzati et al. 2012), possibly because machines slip more and remain in a given place for a longer time on steep terrain, causing soil pulling and dragging (Gayoso & Iroume 1991). Thus, steepness may have an even stronger effect on soil disturbance than that of the soil moisture (Krag et al. 1986), but possibly less so than that of the traffic intensity (Ezzati et al. 2012).Soil disturbance is also strongly affected by the type of harvesting equipment used. Small-scale harvesting technology, such as farm tractors or better small skidder or other specific machines (such as ATV), is thought to result in lower levels of residual stand and soil damage because the equipment is typically smaller and lighter than regular skidders (Updegraff & Blinn 2000, Savelli et al. 2010, Spinelli & Magagnotti 2012. A recent study dealing with soil compaction has found that the highest relative increase in bulk density was associated with the use of bulldozers, the lowest with the use of a forwarder, a...

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“…According to Fleming, Powers, Foster, Kranabetter, Scott et al (2006), conifer survival and growth benefited from soil compaction, regardless of climate and species. Apart from the influence on tree growth and survival, soil compaction may also influence the vitality and diversity of understory plants (e.g., Zenner & Berger, 2008), soil macrofauna such as earthworms (e.g., Jordan, Hubbard, Ponder & Berry, 1999), and microbes (e.g., Kara & Bolat, 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of soil compaction on growth and survival of tree saplings: A meta-analysis

Ampoorter

Frenne

Hermy

et al. 2011

Basic and Applied Ecology

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Soil compaction due to mechanized harvesting operations in forests can have profound effects on forest soils and, hence, can have a detrimental effect on subsequent forest regeneration. We performed a meta-analysis to quantify the effect of soil compaction on height growth, diameter growth, and survival of tree saplings. These effects were predominantly insignificant, varied strongly and were thus not unambiguously negative. Only on silty soils, growth and survival were significantly reduced by soil compaction, which contrasted with sandy and loamy soils, where the effect of soil compaction was negligible or even slightly positive. A weighted analysis revealed an overall decrease of height growth on the compacted area, but this result should be interpreted with caution due to the limited number of observations. Although results did not show an overall negative effect of soil compaction, harvesting activities should focus on minimizing soil compaction degree and extent to prevent a decrease of soil productivity. From a methodological point of view we suggest providing more basic statistics in the articles and to include more shadetolerant tree species in future experimental designs. These species are currently underrepresented.

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Influence of skidder traffic and canopy removal intensities on the ground flora in a clearcut-with-reserves northern hardwood stand in Minnesota, USA

Cited by 42 publications

References 53 publications

Soil compaction impact and modelling. A review

Soil compaction impact and modelling. A review

Influence of slope on physical soil disturbance due to farm tractor forwarding in a Hyrcanian forest of northern Iran

Effects of soil compaction on growth and survival of tree saplings: A meta-analysis

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