“…groundwater pumping, oil and gas extraction) or surface loadings is a very common phenomenon. Whether it is fluid pumping or surface loadings, the consolidation is actually induced by the increase of the effective stress (Booker and Carter, 1986a, 1986b, 1987Tarn and Lu, 1991;Zhang et al, 2015;Guo et al, 2015;Zheng et al, 2016;Li et al, 2017a;Zeng et al, 2018Zeng et al, , 2019Zheng et al, 2019).…”