Infrared reflectometry of skin: Analysis of backscattered light from different skin layers

Pleitez, Miguel A.; Hertzberg, Otto; Bauer, Alexander; Lieblein, Tobias; Glasmacher, Mathias; Tholl, Hans Dieter; Mäntele, Werner

doi:10.1016/j.saa.2017.04.080

Cited by 13 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…It has been reported that the predominant part involved in the back scattering of IR from the skin is the upper layer of the epidermis. 27 In this study, the close contact and the perpendicular position of the IR emitting/absorbing probe to the skin minimized the influence of air and the scattering IR coefficient vectors from the deep skin layers. We examined the IR reflectance of different skin color typologies and found that the skin color did not influence IR reflectance.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…The reflectance of IR from the skin may change depending on the abundance of chromospheres in the skin, such as melanin and hemoglobin. It has been reported that the predominant part involved in the back scattering of IR from the skin is the upper layer of the epidermis . In this study, the close contact and the perpendicular position of the IR emitting/absorbing probe to the skin minimized the influence of air and the scattering IR coefficient vectors from the deep skin layers.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A novel in vivo test method for evaluating the infrared radiation protection provided by sunscreen products

Kim¹,

Bae²,

Lee³

et al. 2019

Skin Res Technol

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Background Infrared radiation (IR) exposure generates reactive oxygen species and induces matrix metalloproteinase‐1 expression in human skin. Moreover, while not as acute as ultraviolet radiation, repeated infrared irradiation can result in the photoaging of skin. Broad‐spectrum sunscreens can protect skin from IR, but no human in vivo test methods for the evaluation of sunscreens' IR protection effect have been developed. We aimed to develop such a method. Materials and Methods We included 155 Korean subjects in our three‐part clinical study. The IR reflectance of subjects' skin was measured using a benchtop model of an IR light source and a reflectance measuring probe. We measured the IR reflectance in relation to skin color and hydration level to set up our experimental conditions. We then calculated the infrared protection factors (IPFs) of cosmetic emulsions as the IR reflectance ratio between cosmetic sunscreen‐applied skin and non‐sunscreen‐applied skin and assessed the relationship between IPFs and the amount of sunscreen ingredients. Finally, this method was validated using several commercial sunscreen cosmetics. Results Skin color and hydration level did not influence the IR reflectance of subjects' skin. The IPFs of cosmetic sunscreens showed a positive correlation with the amount of inorganic sunscreen ingredients. Conclusion In this study, we developed a simple, fast, and ethically acceptable human in vivo test method for evaluating the IPFs of cosmetic sunscreens.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A novel in vivo test method for evaluating the infrared radiation protection provided by sunscreen products

Kim¹,

Bae²,

Lee³

et al. 2019

Skin Res Technol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Different skin sites were tested, prioritizing the thumb as well-suited location. 9,14,15 Meanwhile, we became aware of a review summarizing the development of the use of mid-IR QCLs for in vitro and in vivo glucose measurements, including a noncritical assessment of ATR measurements for a noninvasive glucose assay using human lip tissue. 16 Mid-IR spectroscopy using the ATR technique has been very successful for the quantitative analysis of body fluids such as whole blood, plasma, and serum, as it can provide small transmission equivalent layer thicknesses coping with the strong water absorptivities.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Diffuse reflection spectroscopy can access glucose molecules from the epidermis layer, whereas photoacoustic or photothermal detection can provide information even from a depth of 20-100 µm. 9 In view of the possible penetration depths, an extensive study by Petrich et al revealed the optical constants of skin (here: porcine dermis), showing only a very low percentage in backscattered photons with an upper fraction limit of 10 −4 from within a depth of only ~10 µm. These results were obtained by Monte Carlo simulation of radiation transport within turbid media and accounted for by high absorption, as well as by predominantly forward scattering photons.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluation of Opportunities and Limitations of Mid-Infrared Skin Spectroscopy for Noninvasive Blood Glucose Monitoring

Delbeck

Heise

2020

J Diabetes Sci Technol

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Background: A wide range of optical techniques has recently been presented for the development of noninvasive methods for blood glucose sensing based on multivariate skin spectrum analysis, and most recent studies are reviewed in short by us. The vibrational spectral fingerprints of glucose, as especially found in the mid-infrared or Raman spectrum, have been suggested for achieving largest selectivity for the development of noninvasive blood glucose methods. Methods: Here, the different aspects on integral skin measurements are presented, which are much dependent on the absorption characteristics of water as the main skin constituent. In particular, different mid-infrared measurement techniques as realized recently are discussed. The limitations of the use of the attenuated total reflection technique in particular are elaborated, and confounding skin or saliva spectral features are illustrated and discussed in the light of recently published works, claiming that the attenuated total reflection technique can be utilized for noninvasive measurements. Results: It will be shown that the penetration depth of the infrared radiation with wavelengths around 10 µm is the essential parameter, which can be modulated by different measurement techniques as with photothermal or diffuse reflection. However, the law of physics is limiting the option of using the attenuated total reflection technique with waveguides from diamond or similar optical materials. Conclusions: There are confounding features from mucosa, stratum corneum, or saliva, which have been misinterpreted for glucose measurements. Results of an earlier study with multivariate evaluation based on glucose fingerprint features are again referred to as a negative experimental proof.

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Polysaccharide hydrogel films/membranes for transdermal delivery of therapeutics

Shariatinia‬

Barzegari

2019

Polysaccharide Carriers for Drug Delivery

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Infrared reflectometry of skin: Analysis of backscattered light from different skin layers

Cited by 13 publications

References 29 publications

A novel in vivo test method for evaluating the infrared radiation protection provided by sunscreen products

A novel in vivo test method for evaluating the infrared radiation protection provided by sunscreen products

Evaluation of Opportunities and Limitations of Mid-Infrared Skin Spectroscopy for Noninvasive Blood Glucose Monitoring

Polysaccharide hydrogel films/membranes for transdermal delivery of therapeutics

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