Inhibition of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli adhesion on host epithelial cells by Holarrhena antidysenterica (L.) WALL.

Abstract

Bacterial adhesion is the first step in the sequence of events leading to infection. Previous data are available on the effect of Holarrhena antidysenterica on antidiarrhoeal and antibacterial action, but there is little information on the mechanism of action of the various aspects of EPEC-induced diarrhoea, namely adherence and translocation of the effector molecule to intestinal epithelial cells. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of alkaloids of Holarrhena antidysenterica (AHA) on interference in the mechanism of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) adhesion on host epithelial cells (INT 407 and HEp2). To determine the impact of AHA on epithelial cells, cytotoxicity (LDH), adherence, apoptotic and ultrastructural studies were performed. To analyse the effect of AHA on EPEC secreted proteins, especially EspD, INT 407 monolayers were infected with EPEC and AHA-treated EPEC, followed by immunoblotting, probed with anti EspD antisera. The maximum percentage of LDH leakage was reduced in AHA-treated EPEC (400 microg/mL) in both cell lines. Reduced bacterial adherence was observed under light microscopy and altered apoptotic changes were visualized using propidium iodide staining in conjunction with fluorescence microscopy, in both cell lines infected with AHA-treated EPEC and these results were confirmed with transmission electron microscope images. The suppression of type III secretory proteins (TTSPs), EspD ( approximately 40 kDa), was detected in INT 407 cells infected with AHA-treated EPEC. In conclusion, AHA reduces initial bacterial adhesion to intact epithelial cells and it may exert an antiadherence effect against the pathogenesis of EPEC in host epithelial cells. Thus, the investigations provide a rational basis for the treatment of EPEC-mediated diarrhoea with AHA.

Thai ethnomedicinal plants as resistant modifying agents for combating Acinetobacter baumannii infections

“…Holarrhena antidysenterica is of interest since the extract at 7.8 to 62.5 μg/ml possessed no intrinsic antibacterial activity, but in combination with sub-MIC of novobiocin led to a marked decrease in the bacterial growth. Alkaloids were proposed as active principles of the plant that possessed antibacterial activity on S. aureus S. epidermidis Streptococcus faecalis B. subtilis Escherichia coli , and Pseudomonas aeruginosa [27-29]. Some of the alkaloids such as pubadysone, pubescine, norholadiene, pubescimine, puboestrene, pubamide, and naringenin was isolated form bark, seeds, and leaves of this plant [30-32].…”

Ethnobotanical survey of Purulia district, West Bengal, India for medicinal plants used against gastrointestinal disorders

“…Paste Oral Stomach upset (Biswas et al, 2010) No citation found Desmodium triflorum Paste Oral Stomach ache (Tirkey, 2006); piles (Rajith and Ramachandran, 2010) Anthelmintic (Raj, 1975) (Sen et al, 2011) Gut motility disorders ; antienteric bacterial (Ballal et al, 2001;Kavitha and Niranjali, 2009) Hygrophila auriculata…”

“…Pharmacological evaluation has indicated activation of histamine receptors and Ca (þþ) channel blockade are responsible for the anti-GD activity of Holarrhena antidysenterica . Adhesion of the enteric bacteria Escherichia coli on host epithelial cells was found to be inhibited by the same plant (Kavitha and Niranjali, 2009). Aegle marmelos roots extracted in chloroform has shown efficacy as an antidiarrheal agent assessed by in vitro and in vivo studies (Mazumder et al, 2006).…”

Evaluation of Antibacterial and Therapeutic Potential of Holarrhena Antidysenterica Bark Extract in E.COLI Calf Diarrhea.

“…Bark of H. antidysenterica is in use for treating diarrhea in traditional/ alternative medicine practices either in India or elsewhere in the world (Kavitha et al, 2009). The MIC and MBC values were found to be 2 and 3 mg/ml respectively.…”