Interactions between graphene oxide and plant cells: Regulation of cell morphology, uptake, organelle damage, oxidative effects and metabolic disorders

Carbon nanomaterials: production, impact on plant development, agricultural and environmental applications

“…Mechanical damage of the cell wall and plasma membrane caused by the graphene oxide sheets, contributed to increased As uptake, which led to toxicity and further changes in metabolism. Similarly, mechanical damages of cell wall and other organelles (chloroplasts) due to GO treatments as well as enhanced formation of ROS have been detected in algal cells [180,181]. Thus, the published data suggest that the main mechanisms of graphene toxicity are based on (i) mechanical damage of cells and tissues caused by the sharp edges of graphene sheets and (ii) formation of ROS which in small doses can also induce hormetic effects.…”

Reduced graphene oxide induces cytotoxicity and inhibits photosynthetic performance of the green alga Scenedesmus obliquus

“…As an emergent nanomaterial, although the related applications of graphene are rapidly increasing, the current or future concentrations of RGO in the environment have not been determined. Hence, to be comparable with the doses of GO used in previous phytotoxicity studies (Hu et al, 2014Ouyang et al, 2015;Nogueira et al, 2015), S. obliquus cells were exposed to RGO at concentrations of 0, 10,20,50,100,150,200,250, and 300 mg L À1 . Before the nanotoxicity test, the stock RGO (300 mg L À1 in HB-4) was treated using ultrasound (150 W, 30 min).…”

“…Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was also used to investigate cellular ultrastructure (Hu et al, 2014). Algal cells grown for 72 h were thoroughly washed using deionized water, prefixed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde, postfixed in 1% osmium tetroxide for 2 h, dehydrated in a graded series of ethanol and then embedded in epoxy resin.…”

“…In addition, there is increasing concern regarding the effect of graphene-family nanomaterials on algae, a member of green plants (Bremer, 1985) and an important constituent of the aquatic environment; it ensures oxygen supply and food production (van den Hoek et al, 1995). Thus far, four study series attempted to determine the interactions of graphene-based materials with the algae Chlorella vulgaris (Hu et al, 2014Ouyang et al, 2015) and Raphidocelis subcapitata (Nogueira et al, 2015). However, all these studies focused on the toxic response to GO exposure, whereas the impacts of RGO on algae have not yet been investigated.…”

Effect of citric acid on toxicity of graphene towards freshwater algae (Chlorella pyrenoidosa)

“…Thus, graphene materials are applied in many areas, such as biosensors, drug delivery, adsorbent of enzyme, cell imaging and so on [4]. It has been proved that graphene materials are toxic to bacteria [5], plant cells [6], animal cells [7] and even human cells [8]. On the one hand, it brings convenience for people and promotes the progress of the society.…”