Interface studies of Aluminum, 8-hydroxyquinolatolithium (Liq) and Alq3 for inverted OLED application

Effect of NiOx thin layer fabricated by oxygen-plasma treatment on polymer photovoltaic cell

“…The carrier injection from the electron acceptor, donor, or hole-exciton blocking layer is dependent on the height of the energy barrier at the interface between the electrodes and organic layer [11,12]. Researchers have also demonstrated that an insulating material (e.g., LiF, CsF, and MgO) deposited between the organic layer and the metal cathode can enhance electron injection in organic lightemitting diodes (OLEDs) and organic PV cells [13][14][15][16][17][18].…”

Balancing Charge Injection and Transport in Organic Light-emitting Diodes with a Transparent Conductive Tungsten Oxide Layer

“…The unbalanced charge injection issue has been found to be even more pronounced in inverted OLEDs due to very poor electron injection from ITO [7][8][9][10]. The work function of ITO (4.7 eV) is much larger than the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) level of typical organic electron transport layers (ETLs).…”

Angle-stable inverted top-emitting white organic light-emitting devices based on gradient-doping electron injection interlayer

“…A possible explanation proposed by Scholz et al for such phenomenon is the process of deposition of metal onto organic semiconductors which create an organic-inorganic mixed interlayer between the organic bulk material and the metal [11]. Several kinds of interlayers, such as Ag:Cs:diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (Bphen) [12], TiO 2 [13], ultrathin Alq 3 -LiF-Altrilayer [14], MgO [15], and Al/Liq [16] have been applied between the cathode and electron transporting layer (ETL) to improve the electron injection. In our previous work, Bphen:Ag interlayer has been used to improved the electron injection in green ITEOLED [17].…”