Interferometric measurement of the elongation of a pulsed diode laser

Thermal Expansion Coefficients For Sea Ice

“…We have measured the thermal linear expansion of two congelation sea-ice samples using a Michelson interferometer and a helium-neon laser light source (632.8 nm wavelength). An interferometric technique was used because it is a highly accurate method for measuring mechanical displacements and is widely used to measure the thermal linear expansion of solids (Peck and Obetz, 1953; Patten, 1971; Keller and others, 1972; ASTM Ε 289–70, 1979; Bowles and others, 1981). Interferometry has the added benefit of avoiding the problems associated with the fluid immersion technique used by Pettersson (1883) and Malmgren (1927) to determine the β s .…”

Rate equation approach for diode lasers

“…Various models have been used to describe transient phenomena in semiconductor lasers [2,5] and to evaluate in steady state conditions the photon number in diode laser cavities [6] and in compound systems, such as a diode within an external resonator [7,8], double diodes [8][9][10][11] and optical coupled diodes [12]. This approximation is not bad if the duty cycle of this pulsed mode of operation is low enough to prevent cumulative heating of the diode structure and if the time of observation is short compared with the thermal time constants [14]. It has been shown that the transient spiking behaviour of diode lasers is damped out in a short time interval (some ns) after the application of a current pulse [13].…”