Interferon Production by T4 Coliphage

Kleinschmidt, W. J.; Douthart, Richard J.; Murphy, Edmond J.

doi:10.1038/228027a0

Cited by 31 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Single-stranded RNA (67), DNA (68), replicative form RNA (69), as well as other substances including pyran and tilorone (64) have been reported to induce interferon, but the most consistent results are obtained with ds-RNA --either natural (43,70), or synthetic (64,(71)(72)(73). Interferon may be induced by either the intact mycovirus or its extracted ds-RNA (9, 43).…”

Section: Ultrastructure Of Mycovirus Infected Fungimentioning

confidence: 93%

Mycoviruses: A New Dimension in Microbiology

Bozarth¹

1972

Environmental Health Perspectives

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Section: Ultrastructure Of Mycovirus Infected Fungimentioning

confidence: 93%

Mycoviruses: A New Dimension in Microbiology

Bozarth¹

1972

Environmental Health Perspectives

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“…When the cellular responses of the -A8 group were measured against whole phage particles, a very high stimulation index of up to 350 was noted, in contrast to the mediumonly control (Fig. 5b), indicating excellent cellular priming by phage particles (which are known to be highly immunogenic) (15,41,44). Interestingly, following challenge of this mouse group with whole live M. mycoides subsp.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phage Library Screening for the Rapid Identification and In Vivo Testing of Candidate Genes for a DNA Vaccine against Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides Small Colony Biotype

et al. 2006

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A new strategy for rapidly selecting and testing genetic vaccines has been developed, in which a whole genome library is cloned into a bacteriophage ZAP Express vector which contains both prokaryotic (P lac ) and eukaryotic (P CMV ) promoters upstream of the insertion site. The phage library is plated on Escherichia coli cells, immunoblotted, and probed with hyperimmune and/or convalescent-phase antiserum to rapidly identify vaccine candidates. These are then plaque purified and grown as liquid lysates, and whole bacteriophage particles are then used directly to immunize the host, following which P CMV -driven expression of the candidate vaccine gene occurs. In the example given here, a semirandom genome library of the bovine pathogen Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides small colony (SC) biotype was cloned into ZAP Express, and two strongly immunodominant clones, -A8 and -B1, were identified and subsequently tested for vaccine potential against M. mycoides subsp. mycoides SC biotype-induced mycoplasmemia. Sequencing and immunoblotting indicated that clone -A8 expressed an isopropyl-␤-D-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG)-inducible M. mycoides subsp. mycoides SC biotype protein with a 28-kDa apparent molecular mass, identified as a previously uncharacterized putative lipoprotein (MSC_0397). Clone -B1 contained several full-length genes from the M. mycoides subsp. mycoides SC biotype pyruvate dehydrogenase region, and two IPTG-independent polypeptides, of 29 kDa and 57 kDa, were identified on immunoblots. Following vaccination, significant anti-M. mycoides subsp. mycoides SC biotype responses were observed in mice vaccinated with clones -A8 and -B1. A significant stimulation index was observed following incubation of splenocytes from mice vaccinated with clone -A8 with whole live M. mycoides subsp. mycoides SC biotype cells, indicating cellular proliferation. After challenge, mice vaccinated with clone -A8 also exhibited a reduced level of mycoplasmemia compared to controls, suggesting that the MSC_0397 lipoprotein has a protective effect in the mouse model when delivered as a bacteriophage DNA vaccine. Bacteriophage-mediated immunoscreening using an appropriate vector system offers a rapid and simple technique for the identification and immediate testing of putative candidate vaccines from a variety of pathogens.Whole bacteriophage (phage) particles have recently been described as highly efficient DNA vaccine delivery vehicles (6,7,17,20), inducing significant antibody responses in both laboratory mice (7) and larger animals such as rabbits (20) and sheep (33). Bacteriophages are viruses of bacteria and are metabolically inert, requiring the host bacterium for growth and propagation. Using standard "naked" DNA vaccination, purified genetic material in the form of a plasmid encoding protective antigens is given to the host and used to stimulate an immune response and give protection against pathogens (37,42). With bacteriophage genetic immunization, expression cassettes containing a vaccine gene under the control of a su...

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“…Unlike other virus vectors, phage cannot replicate in a eukaryotic host. Phage particles are naturally immunostimulatory (Kleinschmidt et al 1970). They carry sufficient CD4+ T cell epitopes to elicit immune responses (Meola et al 1995).…”

Section: Advantages Of Phage Vaccinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phage display and its application in vaccine design

et al. 2010

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This review focuses on phage display and its application in vaccine design. Four kinds of phage display systems and their characteristics are highlighted. Whole phage particles can be used to deliver vaccines by fusing immunogenic peptides to modified coat proteins (phagedisplay vaccination), or by incorporating a eukaryotic promoter-driven vaccine gene within the phage genome (phage DNA vaccination). Hybrid phage vaccination results from a combination of phage-display and phage DNA vaccination strategies, indicating the potential for evolution of phage vaccines. Phage vaccines could provide a key to unlock new approaches in combating bacterial and viral pathogens, and cancer diseases. New phage display systems will certainly emerge because of the global abundance of phage and our increasing ability to exploit them. The scope of phage display applications will continue to expand. Over the ensuing period, research should be directed toward a better understanding of the immunization mechanisms involved in phage-mediated immunization, and the development of hybrid phage vaccination.

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Interferon Production by T4 Coliphage

Cited by 31 publications

References 14 publications

Mycoviruses: A New Dimension in Microbiology

Mycoviruses: A New Dimension in Microbiology

Phage Library Screening for the Rapid Identification and In Vivo Testing of Candidate Genes for a DNA Vaccine against Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides Small Colony Biotype

Phage display and its application in vaccine design

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