Intravenous Injection of Muse Cells as a Potential Therapeutic Approach for Epidermolysis Bullosa

Abstract

2020). ACE2 expression is more widely distributed than that of B 0 AT1 (Yan et al., 2020), which may explain why some of the ACE2 expressing organs, such as lung and heart, are attacked by SARS-CoV-2, whereas others are not.Apart from ACE2, there may be another way for SARS-CoV-2 to infect host cells. ACE2 is scarcely present in immune cells. However, most patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome and patients with COVID-19 have lymphopenia; some patients may even have spleen and lymph nodes necrosis (Hamming et al., 2004). Similarly, ACE2 was absent in platelets, but SARS-CoV-2 was detected in platelets from patients with COVID-19 (Manne et al., 2020). These studies suggest that platelets and immune cells may take up SARS-CoV-2 mRNA independent of ACE2.In summary, the work of Xue et al. ( 2020) provides a new perspective on the potential percutaneous transmission of COVID-19, but so far, from the clinical data we summarized, no definitive evidence had shown that there is a transmission of COVID-19 through the skin, especially owing to the difference of ACE2 expression. Anyhow, we should still attach importance to this potential transmission route owing to the fact that human coronavirus is an RNA virus with high mutation potential.

Therapeutic benefit of Muse cells in a mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

“…They are normally located in the bone marrow, peripheral blood, and connective tissues of organs and are thus non-tumorigenic 10 – 13 . Muse cells are unique for several reasons: they recognize damaged tissue and selectively accumulate at the site of damage by intravenous injection because they express sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) receptor 2, which recognizes the S1P produced by damaged/apoptotic cells; after homing to the damaged site, Muse cells replace damaged/apoptotic cells by spontaneous differentiation into the damaged/apoptotic cell-type, and contribute to tissue repair, as shown by animal models of stroke, acute myocardial infarction, epidermolysis bullosa, chronic kidney disease and liver cirrhosis 14 – 18 . Besides their effects on tissue repair, Muse cells have pleiotropic effects including neovascularization, immunomodulation, trophic-, anti-apoptotic-, and anti-fibrotic effects 18 , 19 .…”

Intravenous allogeneic multilineage‐differentiating stress‐enduring cells in adults with dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa: a phase 1/2 open‐label study

“… 8 In addition, we reported that human Muse cells can differentiate into epidermal keratinocytes with the expression of human BMZ proteins in vivo . 9 We herein conducted a pilot study on CL2020 for the treatment of EB in human adults.…”

Application prospects of multilineage differentiating stress-enduring (Muse) cells in the treatment of skin diseases

“…The labeled human SSEA-3+ Muse cells were injected intravenously through the tail vein. 35 The imaging confirmed the homing of the injected Muse cells, expressing keratin 14 and desmoglein-3 in the epidermis. Studies have shown that intravenously injected human Muse cells preferentially implant in damaged skin and spontaneously differentiate into skin components, such as keratinocytes, hair follicle cells, vascular endothelial cells and sebaceous gland cells.…”