Investigating the Causal Relationships among Carbon Emissions, Economic Growth, and Life Expectancy in Turkey: Evidence from Time and Frequency Domain Causality Techniques

Abstract

It is not a gainsaying that challenges to both healthy living and the environment are the result of deteriorating environmental quality with the attendant effect on environmental sustainability. To provide a solution to the issue, our study uses long time-series data from 1960 to 2018, and employs an overlapping generational model, the Bayer–Hanck cointegration test, wavelet coherence, Fourier Toda–Yamamoto, and Breitung–Candelon frequency-domain spectral causality tests to investigate the causal relationships among carbon emissions (CO2), economic growth (GDP), and life expectancy (LE) in Turkey. Different from the literature, we find a positive co-movement between life expectancy and CO2 and a positive correlation between LE and GDP at different scales; CO2 has a causal relationship with LE and a bidirectional causal relationship between LE and GDP, as well as short, medium, and long-run causal relationships with LE; GDP has medium and long-run causal relationships with LE, and LE has short, medium, and long-run causal relationships with GDP. Our findings guide policymakers on their policy decision-making that will address the energy consumption, environmental degradation, human health, environmental hazards, and allocation to science and technology in Turkey with the aim of ensuring overall sustainable development.

The Relationship between Air Pollution, Economic Growth, and Life Expectancy: Empirical Evidence from Indonesia

“…Studies conducted by Sharma (2018) and Biyase & Maleka (2019) found that life expectancy, democracy, and the population had the expected positive impact on economic growth. The study by Cervellati & Sunde (2011);Rjoub et al (2021); Ngangue & Manfred (2015), and He & Li (2019) found a positive movement between life expectancy and economic growth in a study in several developed and developing countries (Bashir et al, 2019). The results are robust to address the possible reverse causality between life expectancy and economic growth.…”

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“…Several authors have investigated the relationship between life expectance and different forms of air pollution, including carbon emission. Very few authors like that of Rjoub et al . (2021) have discovered positive linear relationship between carbon emission and life expectancy.…”

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