Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Combined with Static Magnetic Fields in Bone Remodeling

Abstract

Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) are extensively used in bone-related studies as biomaterials due to their unique magnetic properties and good biocompatibility. Through endocytosis, IONPs enter the cell where they promote osteogenic differentiation and inhibit osteoclastogenesis. Static magnetic fields (SMFs) were also found to enhance osteoblast differentiation and hinder osteoclastic differentiation. Once IONPs are exposed to an SMF, they become rapidly magnetized. IONPs and SMFs work together to synergistically enhance the effectiveness of their individual effects on the differentiation and function of osteoblasts and osteoclasts. This article reviewed the individual and combined effects of different types of IONPs and different intensities of SMFs on bone remodeling. We also discussed the mechanism underlying the synergistic effects of IONPs and SMFs on bone remodeling.

Synergistic Effect of Static Magnetic Fields and 3D-Printed Iron-Oxide-Nanoparticle-Containing Calcium Silicate/Poly-ε-Caprolactone Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering

“…Similar trends were noted for BSP and OC, which are both known markers of late-stage bone differentiation. These results indicate that the magnetic microenvironment provided by Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles in Fe 3 O 4 scaffolds promoted cell proliferation and differentiation in a time- and dose-dependent manner [ 21 ]. Moreover, the stem cells cultured on the scaffold experienced increased osteogenic differentiation, ALP secretion, and calcium deposition compared to those seeded on scaffolds without Fe 3 O 4 , indicating that the osteogenic differentiation of stem cells was significantly regulated by the incorporation of Fe 3 O 4 into ceramics [ 21 ].…”

“…These results indicate that the magnetic microenvironment provided by Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles in Fe 3 O 4 scaffolds promoted cell proliferation and differentiation in a time- and dose-dependent manner [ 21 ]. Moreover, the stem cells cultured on the scaffold experienced increased osteogenic differentiation, ALP secretion, and calcium deposition compared to those seeded on scaffolds without Fe 3 O 4 , indicating that the osteogenic differentiation of stem cells was significantly regulated by the incorporation of Fe 3 O 4 into ceramics [ 21 ]. Xia et al demonstrated that Fe 3 O 4 -containing bioceramic scaffolds stimulated the osteogenic differentiation of stem cells and significantly upregulated the gene expression of WNT1, RUNX2, ALP, COL1, and OCN [ 51 ].…”

“…Extrinsic mechanical stimulations, such as vibration, ultrasound, and electrical stimulation, have been shown to promote bone regeneration and enhance fracture healing [ 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 ]. Because of the development of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), magnetic stimulation has been reported to have the best potential for effective bone regenerative capabilities [ 21 , 22 , 23 ]. MNPs have been introduced into various matrices and platforms in order to induce stimuli-responsive regenerative properties for osteogenesis [ 24 , 25 , 26 ].…”

Biological Scaffolds Assembled with Magnetic Nanoparticles for Bone Tissue Engineering: A Review

“…SPION biological scaffolds are generally implanted into the target bone defects without adding an SMF or under the action of one to stimulate bone tissue repair, regeneration, healing, and so on. When exposed to SPION magnetic biological scaffolds, osteoblasts, BMSCs, and DPSCs showed active migration, proliferation, and differentiation, while osteoclasts showed abnormal behavior, which may be attributed to the effect of the micromagnetic field, the magnetic mechanical stimulation, and the increase in the intracellular SPION level in the presence of an SMF [ 91 ]. At the same time, the expression levels of some genes and cellular molecules related to osteogenesis are significantly increased, which further promotes the repair of bone and cartilage defects.…”

“…Magnetic biomaterials also have great application potential in the field of bone tissue engineering. At present, the most commonly used magnetic particles in magnetic biomaterials are iron powder, iron trioxide, iron tetroxide, and so on [ 20 , 91 ]. The commonly used synthesis methods are freeze-drying, electrospinning, three-dimensional (3D) printing, chemical synthesis, and other methods ( Figure 1 ).…”