Is Lipid Peroxidation Induced by the Aqueous Suspension of Fullerene C₆₀ Nanoparticles in the Brains of Cyprinus carpio?

Abstract

This study aimed to clarify whether fullerene C60 nanoparticles induced lipid peroxidation in Cyprinus carpio brains. A stable well-characterized aqueous suspension of C60 nanoparticle (diameter: 50th and 95th percentiles, 36 and 95 nm respectively) with 0.1% Tween80 solution was prepared by bead milling. Lipid hydroperoxides (LPO) were measured in vitro in homogenized fish brain tissues containing 33 microg/mg-protein dispersed C60 nanoparticles under light and dark conditions to verify the lipid peroxidation ability of C60 and the interference of light exposure by using a commercial assay kit The LPO concentration significantly increased under the light condition but not under the dark condition. This suggests that C60 has the lipid peroxidation ability under light condition, and the light exposure that occurs during the dissection and preparation of fish brain samples containing C60 for the LPO assay interferes with the measurements of the in vivo LPO levels. Therefore, dissection and assay in the in vivo experiment were conducted under a yellow lamp or dark condition to avoid the interference of light. Moreover, the result of the in vitro test suggests that the LPO assay with irradiation might be a good method for detecting C60 in brain tissues. In the in vivo experiment, C. carpio was exposed to 4.5 mg/L nano C60 suspension for 48 h, following which the brain LPO concentration was measured. In the in vivo experiment, no fish died or exhibited abnormal symptoms during exposure. LPO assay of the C. carpio brain samples confirmed the absence of lipid peroxidation after exposure to 4.5 mg/L aqueous C60 nanoparticle suspension for 48 h. Additional LPO assay under irradiation showed that C60 did not reach the brain.

Responses of Ceriodaphnia dubia to TiO2 and Al2O3 nanoparticles: A dynamic nano-toxicity assessment of energy budget distribution

“…Later in vivo toxicity study of C60 using fathead fish and medaka by Oberdorster et al [9] failed to prove protein or DNA damage or cellular oxidation responses. Shinohara et al [10] reported that C60 exposure did not induce any lipid peroxidation of the brain tissue of C. carpio in vivo. Henry et al [11] concluded that trace solvent residues such as tetrahydrofuran, used in the preparation of C60 fine suspensions, and its degradation products were neuro-toxicants that could be responsible for damaging the brain of largemouth bass.…”

Intraperitoneal Exposure to Nano/Microparticles of Fullerene (C60) Increases Acetylcholinesterase Activity and Lipid Peroxidation in Adult Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Brain

“…Although the toxic effects of C 60 are still mostly unknown, especially those related to neurotoxicity, some general aspects have already been addressed. For instance, C 60 is reported to be cytotoxic to various mammalian cells [8] and it has been shown to induce lipid peroxidation in human cells [9], in brain of juvenile largemouth bass ( Micropterus salmoides ) [10], and in common carp ( Cyprinus carpio ) [11]. Moreover, C 60 was classified as “very toxic” to aquatic organisms by the grid for the potential ecotoxicological hazard evaluation which is based mainly on toxicity to fish, Daphnia , and algae and in data about degradability of the substance [4].…”

Bioaccumulation and biomarker responses of cubic and octahedral Cu2O micro/nanocrystals in Daphnia magna

“…Petersen et al (2009) reported that carbon nanotubes accumulated in the gut of D. magna and were not absorbed into cellular tissues, but the addition of algae resulted in significant depuration in the first few hours. Shinohara et al (2009) demonstrated that buckminsterfullerene (C 60 ) in Cyprinus carpio induced lipid peroxidation under light, but did not reach the brain. Some nanoparticles cause gill injury (Griffitt et al, 2007) and are lethal (Griffitt et al, 2008) to fish or fish embryos.…”