“…While only a few, mostly early studies (Dos Santos et al, 1993;West & Courtney, 1993;Hitt & Brynjolfsson, 1996;Rai et al, 1997;Im et al, 2001) doubt the economic power of IS, the vast majority of research papers on IS business value (e.g. (Dedrick et al, 2003;Dehning et al, 2003Dehning et al, , 2008Peslak, 2003;Santhanam & Hartono, 2003;Swierczek & Shrestha, 2003;Mahmood & Mann, 2005;Zhang, 2005;Shin, 2006;Lin & Shao, 2006a;Aral et al, 2007;Beccalli, 2007;Neirotti & Paolucci, 2007;Wan et al, 2007;Kohli & Grover, 2008;Kim et al, 2009;Ramirez et al, 2010;Han et al, 2011;Kim & Mithas, 2011;Lee et al, 2011)) find empirical evidence and theoretical arguments in favour of both the operational and strategic relevance of IS. The prominent, but non-academic Harvard Business article by Carr (2003), entitled 'IT doesn't matter', has also been refuted (Schrage, 2003;European Journal of Information Systems (2013) 22, 139-169 DeJarnett et al, 2004).…”