Lead-free piezoelectric (Ba,Ca)(Ti,Zr)O3 scaffolds for enhanced antibacterial property

Bioceramic-based scaffolds with antibacterial function for bone tissue engineering: A review

“…Endowing bioceramic-based scaffolds with physical antibacterial functions is another important antibacterial strategy, which is based on their physical properties, such as surface charge and topological structure, or the change of scaffolds’ surrounding microenvironment induced by external stimulation (light, magnetic field and ultrasound) to kill bacteria [ 22 , 36 , 38 , [94] , [95] , [96] ]. Nanomaterials and nanostructures have unique physical and chemical properties, which may play an important role in physical-activated antibacterial strategies, especially in fighting drug-resistant bacteria [ [97] , [98] , [99] ].…”

“… Antibacterial mechanisms of scaffolds Bacteria used for antibacterial assays Ref. Surface charge Chitosan/zoledronic acid/nano hydroxyapatite scaffold; chitosan/zein/silica scaffold Positively charged surface disrupting the negatively charged membrane of bacteria; Covering bacterial cell wall to block transport; Penetrating bacterial cell wall to prevent DNA replication E. coli , S. aureus [ [100] , [101] , [102] ] Pressure (surface charge) Potassium-sodium niobate scaffold; (Ba,Ca) (Ti,Zr)O 3 scaffold Piezoelectric effects inducing surface charge; Surface charge generating micro-electric field and ROS around the material to kill bacteria E. coli , S. aureus [ 38 , 94 ] Photothermal effect Free carbon-containing forsterite scaffold; Forsterite-hydroxyapatite scaffold Photothermic effect generating ROS and increasing temperature to kill bacteria S. aureus , E. coli , MRSA [ 22 , 99 , 103 ] Magnetothermal effect Mg 2 SiO 4 –CoFe 2 O 4 scaffold Magnetothermal effect generating thermal energy and increasing temperature to kill bacteria S. aureus , E. coli [ 95 , 104 ] Sonodynamic effect Palacos (bone cement) scaffold Attaching to certain cellular components and inducing damage under ultrasound irradiation; Generating ROS inducing oxidative damage to the cell wall MRSA, S. aureus , E. Coli, P. aeruginosa [ [105] , [106] , [107] ] Photocatalysis GDY-modified TiO 2 nanofiber s...…”

“…Under the piezoelectric effect, the surface of piezoelectric ceramics will generate positive charge, which can also induce antibacterial activity [ 38 , 94 ]. For example, the recent study reported the antibacterial effect of potassium-sodium niobate ceramics by manipulating their piezoelectric properties [ 38 ].…”

“…Results also revealed that the antibacterial ratio, the bacterial membrane shrinkage and the ROS production highly correlated with the number of positive charges on the surface of the piezoceramic materials, indicating that the possible antibacterial mechanism is derived from ROS induced by surface charge. Furthermore, the authors of another study [ 94 ] developed a lead-free piezoelectric (Ba,Ca) (Ti,Zr)O 3 scaffold with enhanced antibacterial property for bone tissue engineering. The charged surfaces of scaffolds revealed good antibacterial responses, which were attributed to the micro-electric field around the materials formed by surface charge, and ROS generated by the decomposition of the surrounding solution.…”

A healing promoting wound dressing with tailor-made antibacterial potency employing piezocatalytic processes in multi-functional nanocomposites

“…17,18 In particular, the antibacterial effects of nanogenerators provide novel design strategies for antibacterial nanomaterials. 19–25 The mechanism of the reported antibacterial nanogenerator mainly includes high-voltage bacterial killing, 26–30 catalytic formation of ROS on the highly polarized ceramic surface due to piezoelectric or pyroelectric excitation, 31–33 and/or bacterial membrane electron drainage. 15,16 However, the high voltage generated from nanogenerators is damaging to human tissues and metal-based antibacterial agents are harmful to organisms.…”