Lead-free solid-state organic–inorganic halide perovskite solar cells

Hao, Feng; Stoumpos, Constantinos C.; Cao, Duyen H.; Chang, Robert P. H.; Kanatzidis, Mercouri G.

doi:10.1038/nphoton.2014.82

Cited by 2,597 publications

(2,014 citation statements)

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“…The doped Cl atoms would lengthen the diffusion length of excitons, which would result in the increase in efficiency [7,20]. In addition, studies on metal atom doping, such as tin (Sn) [21], antimony (Sb) [22], germanium (Ge) [23,24], thallium (Tl) [24], or indium (In) [24] at the lead (Pb) sites have been carried out. The wavelength ranges of optical absorption were expanded by the Sn or Tl-doping [21,24], and the conversion efficiencies were improved by Sb-doping to the perovskite phase [22].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, studies on metal atom doping, such as tin (Sn) [21], antimony (Sb) [22], germanium (Ge) [23,24], thallium (Tl) [24], or indium (In) [24] at the lead (Pb) sites have been carried out. The wavelength ranges of optical absorption were expanded by the Sn or Tl-doping [21,24], and the conversion efficiencies were improved by Sb-doping to the perovskite phase [22]. A detailed search on the metal and halogen doping at the Pb and I sites is interesting for both Pb-free devices and the effects on photovoltaic properties.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Sb is a group 15 element, and is expected to work as an electronic donor at the sites of the group 14 element Pb [21]. Cl is also expected to increase the carrier diffusion length in the perovskite phase [7,20], and an improvement of the crystallinity and morphology of the perovskite films was expected by adding NH 4 Cl [25,26].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Effects of Cl Addition to Sb-Doped Perovskite-Type CH3NH3PbI3 Photovoltaic Devices

Oku

Ohishi

Suzuki

et al. 2016

Metals

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Abstract:The effects of SbI 3 , PbCl 2 , and NH 4 Cl addition to perovskite CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 precursor solutions on photovoltaic properties were investigated. TiO 2 /CH 3 NH 3 Pb(Sb)I 3 (Cl)-based photovoltaic devices were fabricated by a spin-coating technique, and the microstructures of the devices were investigated by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. Current density-voltage characteristics and incident photon-to-current conversion efficiencies were improved by a small amount of Sb-and Cl-doping, which resulted in improvement of the efficiencies of the devices. The structure analysis indicated formation of a homogeneous microstructure by NH 4 Cl addition with SbI 3 .

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of Cl Addition to Sb-Doped Perovskite-Type CH3NH3PbI3 Photovoltaic Devices

Oku

Ohishi

Suzuki

et al. 2016

Metals

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“…For example, changing the metal cation at the M site from Pb 2+ to the less toxic Sn 2+ to form CH 3 NH 3 SnI 3 shifts the optical bandgap from 1.55 to 1.3 eV into the range of the "ideal" single-junction solar cell bandgap between 1.1 and 1.4 eV. [ 26,27 ] However, stability issues arising from the oxidation of tin have so far prevented widespread use. Alternatively, tuning the size of the A site cation has been proven to change optical and electronic properties of the perovskite and to signifi cantly infl uence solar cell performance.…”

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confidence: 99%

Charge‐Carrier Dynamics and Mobilities in Formamidinium Lead Mixed‐Halide Perovskites

et al. 2015

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by at least four orders of magnitude. [ 17,18 ] MAPbI 3 also appears to exhibit only shallow trap-levels and although the grain boundaries have recently been shown to induce nonradiative decay, [ 19 ] regions only a few tens of nm away from the grain boundaries appear to be unaffected. [ 20,21 ] Furthermore, low Urbach energies, which are extracted from near band edge optical absorption measurements and serve as a benchmark for crystalline phase disorder, indicate low disorder and sharp band edges for lead tri-halide perovskites (15-23 meV). [ 22,23 ] All of these properties contribute to high open-circuit voltages, long charge-carrier lifetimes, and micrometer diffusion lengths, which are crucial for planar-hetero junction photovoltaics. [ 1,24 ] Nonetheless, these parameters are also expected to depend on the infl uence of crystallization condition on perovskite morphology in fabricated fi lms. [ 25 ] A distinct benefi t of organic-inorganic perovskite materials (e.g., over silicon) is that their bandgap can be tuned relatively easily with chemical composition, allowing attractive coloration and multijunction or tandem cell designs. For example, changing the metal cation at the M site from Pb 2+ to the less toxic Sn 2+ to form CH 3 NH 3 SnI 3 shifts the optical bandgap from 1.55 to 1.3 eV into the range of the "ideal" single-junction solar cell bandgap between 1.1 and 1.4 eV. [ 26,27 ] However, stability issues arising from the oxidation of tin have so far prevented widespread use. Alternatively, tuning the size of the A site cation has been proven to change optical and electronic properties of the perovskite and to signifi cantly infl uence solar cell performance. [ 28 ] Replacing MA in MAPbI 3 by the larger cation formamidinium HC(NH 2 ) 2 + (FA) was found to decrease the bandgap from 1.57 to 1.48 eV, [29][30][31] yield long photoluminescence (PL) lifetimes, high PCEs, [ 28 ] and lower recombination and device hysteresis. [ 32 ] Highest PCEs of 20.1% have been reported [12][13][14] to date for solar cells based on FAPbI 3 making this an attractive system to explore. In addition, the gradual replacement of the MA cation by FA through the fi lm was shown to create a mixed cation-lead-iodide PSC allowing for energetic gradients. [ 33 ] However, mixing of the halide component in the perovskite offers the fi nest tuning of the optical properties of the perovskite fi lm. Here, the mixed organic lead iodide/bromide system has recently gained strong interest for application in PSCs. [ 11,28 ] By changing the ratio between bromide and iodide (at the X site anion), the bandgap can be tailored between 1.55 eV (MAPbI 3 ) and 2.3 eV (MAPbBr 3 ), which results in the coverage of much of the visible spectrum and paves the way for the development of tandem solar cells. [ 11 ] In addition to MAPb(Br y I 1-y ) 3 , its formamidinium relative FAPb(Br y I 1-y ) 3 has been explored. [ 28 ] Most fractional mixtures of FAPb(Br y I 1-y ) 3 were found to be crystalline, with the exception of the region between y = 0.3 and Recent year...

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“…Kanatzidis and his coworkers have reported solar cell composed of FTO/compact TiO 2 (30 nm)/porous TiO 2 / CH 3 NH 3 SnI 3¹x Br x /SPIRO/Au. 38 The band edge was controlled by the ratio of I/Br. When the x was 2, 5.73% efficiency has been reported.…”

Section: Approaches To Pb Free Perovskite Solar Cellmentioning

confidence: 99%

Research following Pb Perovskite Solar Cells

Hayase

2017

Electrochemistry

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Certified efficiency of Pb perovskite solar cells with mixed cations is reported to be 19.6% (1 cm 2 ). One of the recent research interests is on enhancing the solar cell efficiency further. Band gap of the present Pb perovskite is about 1.55 eV. Supposing that Voc loss is 0.4 eV, the best efficiency is obtained by using perovskite with about 1.4 eV band gap. One of the candidates for the narrow band gap perovskite material is SnPb mixed metal perovskite. In this paper, the relationship between Voc losses and hetero-interface structures is discussed in detail, leading to the conclusion that hetero-interface structures give serious effects on the solar cell efficiency. It is reported that the efficiency was enhanced from about 5% to 16% after optimization of the hetero-interface structure. In addition, research trend on Pb free perovskite solar cells consisting of Sn or Bi, which is another recent research interest, is also reviewed.

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Lead-free solid-state organic–inorganic halide perovskite solar cells

Cited by 2,597 publications

References 33 publications

Effects of Cl Addition to Sb-Doped Perovskite-Type CH3NH3PbI3 Photovoltaic Devices

Effects of Cl Addition to Sb-Doped Perovskite-Type CH3NH3PbI3 Photovoltaic Devices

Charge‐Carrier Dynamics and Mobilities in Formamidinium Lead Mixed‐Halide Perovskites

Research following Pb Perovskite Solar Cells

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