Leaves of Raphanus sativus L. Shows Anti-Inflammatory Activity in LPS-Stimulated Macrophages via Suppression of COX-2 and iNOS Expression.

Abstract

Raphanus sativus L. (RS) is a cruciferous vegetable that is widely consumed in Korea. The anticancer activity of leaves of RS (RSL) extract has been investigated; however, no studies focused on its anti-inflammatory effects. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects of RSL extract. In brief, RSL powder was fractionated into n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, and water-soluble fractions. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells were treated with each fraction for initial screening. It was found that the chloroform fraction significantly inhibited nitric oxide release in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells with a half maximal inhibitory concentration value of 196 μg/mL. In addition, the mRNA and protein expression levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase, measured using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and western blotting, respectively, were reduced in a concentration-dependent manner. Moreover, the inflammatory cyclooxygenase-2 enzyme expression decreased. Furthermore, the expression of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), the key regulator of the transcriptional activation of the inflammatory cytokine genes, was reduced by the RSL chloroform fraction. Therefore, the results of our study suggest that RSL exhibits anti-inflammatory effects in LPS-stimulated macrophages via NF-κB inactivation.

Anti-Neuroinflammatory Effect of Alantolactone through the Suppression of the NF-κB and MAPK Signaling Pathways

“…As a result of microglia activation, iNOS and COX-2 were overexpressed. These proteins activate the downstream target proteins NO and PGE 2 , which strengthen the inflammation response that is associated with both acute and chronic inflammation [38]. Consistent with the results of previous studies, NO and PGE 2 were upregulated in our experiment when induced by LPS, but were expressed at lower levels after Ala treatment.…”

Substitution effect of white radish (Raphanus sativus L.)’ by-product and tunic of sea squirt (Halocynthia rorentzi, von Drasche) for Undaria pinnatifida in feed of abalone (Haliotis discus, Reeve 1846)

“…White radish' by-product, mainly composed of unsuitable stems and leaves (WRB) for human consumption are dumped and regarded as trash. Leaves of white radish are known to have anti-inflammatory activity in lipopolysaccharidestimulated macropahages via nuclear factor-kappa B inactivation (Park and Song 2017). Water extracts of white radish seeds have been used in traditional medicine to treat digestive inflammation, diarrhea, and abdomen illness in East Asia (Kim et al 2015;Choi et al 2016).…”

Inhibitory Effect of Black Radish (Raphanus sativus L. var. niger) Extracts on Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammatory Response in the Mouse Monocyte/Macrophage-Like Cell Line RAW 264.7

“…Radish roots are primarily used as food and food supplement. The beneficial effects of its roots, sprouts, seeds, and leaves include its detoxification in HepG2 cells ( Hanlon et al, 2007 ; Scholl et al, 2011 ) and its hepatoprotective ( Lee et al, 2012 ), antioxidant ( Lugasi et al, 1998 ; Lugasi et al, 2005 ; Beevi et al, 2012 ), anti-inflammatory ( Park and Song, 2017 ), gastroprotective ( Alqasoumi et al, 2008 ; Ahn et al, 2013 ), antimicrobial ( Nehrash, 1961 ; Gutiérrez and Perez, 2004 ), anti-fibrotic ( Asghari et al, 2015 ), anti-obesity ( Kim et al, 2014 ), anti-lipogenic ( Kim et al, 2015b ), and anti-diabetic ( Taniguchi et al, 2007 ; Shukla et al, 2011 ; Banihani, 2017 ) properties. These beneficial effects are often attributed to its sulfur compounds, phenolic compounds, glucosinolates, and flavonoids ( Gutiérrez and Perez, 2004 ; Ediage et al, 2011 ; Shin et al, 2015 ).…”

“…Furthermore, a 20% radish diet protected mice following exposure to the model carcinogen, 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA), through phase I and II enzymes involved in DMBA clearance ( N’jai et al, 2012 ). Moreover, ingesting radish was seen to induce detoxification enzymes in mice, and although there were numerous human studies investigating the effects of fresh crucifers ( Hanlon et al, 2007 ; Scholl et al, 2011 ), there are only a few studies examining the effects of BRE on inflammation ( Sipos et al, 2002 ; Jin et al, 2016 ; Park and Song, 2017 ).…”