Liquid Antennas: Past, Present and Future

Huang, Yi; Xing, Lei; Song, Chaoyun; Wang, Stephen; Elhouni, Fatma

doi:10.1109/ojap.2021.3069325

Cited by 86 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 74 publications

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“…The FA uses a single RF chain and consists of N ports, evenly distributed over a dielectric holder of a specific topological space, defined in the next sub-section. We assume that the FA can switch on a single port by displacing the employed liquid to its location with a mechanical pump [4]. The transmitter utilizes a fixed transmission power P .…”

Section: System Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Towards this end, reconfigurable intelligent surfaces were proposed to control the propagation environment via software-controlled metasurfaces [3]. From a transceiver's point-of-view, the notion of fluid antennas (FAs), also known as liquid antennas, has been recently proposed in order to add both flexibility and reconfigurability at the radio frequency (RF) front-end [4]. In particular, FAs consist of radiating liquid elements such as Mercury, eutectic gallium-indium (EGaIn) and even sea water, enclosed in a dielectric holder [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Despite the fact that FAs have been studied from an RF/microwave engineering perspective and several early prototypes exist in the literature, e.g. see [4], [5], [8], [9], the theoretical foundations of FAs and the investigation of communication techniques that unlock their full potentials are still not understood. Indeed, the exploitation of the liquid dimension associated with the FAs will open new design opportunities and establish a new communication paradigm [6], [10], [11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

On the Diversity and Coded Modulation Design of Fluid Antenna Systems

Psomas¹,

Kraidy²,

Wong³

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Reconfigurability is a desired characteristic of future communication networks. From a transceiver's standpoint, this can be materialized through the implementation of fluid antennas (FAs). An FA consists of a dielectric holder, in which a radiating liquid moves between pre-defined locations (called ports) that serve as the transceiver's antennas. Due to the nature of liquids, FAs can practically take any size and shape, making them both flexible and reconfigurable. In this paper, we deal with the outage probability of FAs under general fading channels, where a port is scheduled based on selection combining. An analytical framework is provided for the performance with and without estimation errors, as a result of post-scheduling delays. We show that although FAs achieve maximum diversity, this cannot be realized in the presence of delays. Hence, a linear prediction scheme is proposed that overcomes delays and restores the lost diversity by predicting the next scheduled port. Moreover, we design space-time coded modulations that exploit the FA's sequential operation with space-time rotations and code diversity.The derived expressions for the pairwise error probability and average word error rate give an accurate estimate of the performance. We illustrate that the proposed design attains maximum diversity, while keeping a low-complexity receiver, thereby confirming the feasibility of FAs.

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Section: System Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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On the Diversity and Coded Modulation Design of Fluid Antenna Systems

Psomas¹,

Kraidy²,

Wong³

et al. 2022

Preprint

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“…NTENNAS composed of various liquids has drawn increasing attention in addition to the conventional metallic antennas [1]. These liquids include ionic liquid [2]- [3], ethyl acetate solution [4]- [5], pure water [6], etc.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Fully Transparent Wideband Water Patch Antenna With L-Shaped Feed

Sun

Luk

2021

IEEE Open J. Antennas Propag.

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A wideband and fully optically-transparent water patch antenna is proposed. Both the patch and the ground plane are made of distilled water. Different from the previous water patch antennas, this proposed design features the utilization of an L-shaped distilled water probe as the feed structure. Thus, substantial improvement in the transparency is achieved. To excite the water patch antenna, a short inner probe of a coaxial cable is inserted into the water probe. The electromagnetic (EM) waves excited by the inner probe can propagate along the L-shaped water probe and also resonant in the middle substrate (air) under the water patch, causing radiation into the free space. The L-shaped water probe can significantly improve the impedance bandwidth, which has the same function as the reported L-shaped metallic probe. The results show that the proposed water patch antenna has a wide impedance bandwidth of 42.6% (from 1.48 to 2.28 GHz with |S11| < -10 dB), a gain up to 7.5 dBi, a radiation efficiency up to 67% and broadside radiation pattern across the bandwidth. In addition, some parametric studies on the distilled water probe have been carried out for the design purpose. The proposed water patch antenna has confirmed the possibility of designing a patch antenna fully made of liquid or solid dielectric materials with high dielectric constant such as water, instead of using metal.

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“…Introduction: With the astronomical number of internet-of-things (IoT) devices looming, massive connectivity has become a necessary feature in 5G and beyond mobile communications [1,2]. Recently, reconfigurable fluid antenna technologies have emerged to provide a novel way to adapt the antenna for ultimate agility [3]. One appealing application is to realise a position-switchable antenna which allows the radiating element to change its location (referred to as 'port') with very high resolution [4].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Closed‐form expressions for spatial correlation parameters for performance analysis of fluid antenna systems

Wong

Tong

Chen

et al. 2022

Electronics Letters

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The emerging fluid antenna technology enables a high‐density position‐switchable antenna in a small space to obtain enormous performance gains for wireless communications. To understand the theoretical performance of fluid antenna systems, it is important to account for the strong spatial correlation over the different positions (referred to as ‘ports'). Previous works used a classical, generalised correlation model to characterise the channel correlation among the ports but were limited by the lack of degree of freedom of the model to imitate the correlation structures in an actual antenna. In this letter, it is proposed to use a common correlation parameter and to choose it by setting the correlation coefficient of any two ports to be the same as the average correlation coefficient of an actual fluid antenna taking up a linear space. A closed‐form expression for the spatial correlation parameter is first derived assuming that the number of ports is large, and it is illustrated that the correlation parameter depends only on the size of the fluid antenna but not the port density. Simpler expressions are then obtained for small and large sizes of fluid antenna. The resulting model is finally used to study the performance of fluid antenna systems. Simulation results based on the proposed model are provided to confirm the promising performance of fluid antenna in single and multiuser environments.

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Liquid Antennas: Past, Present and Future

Cited by 86 publications

References 74 publications

On the Diversity and Coded Modulation Design of Fluid Antenna Systems

On the Diversity and Coded Modulation Design of Fluid Antenna Systems

A Fully Transparent Wideband Water Patch Antenna With L-Shaped Feed

Closed‐form expressions for spatial correlation parameters for performance analysis of fluid antenna systems

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