Long-chain hydrocarbons of Cannabis and its smoke

Adams, Theodore C.; Jones, Louis A.

doi:10.1021/jf60190a005

Cited by 16 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…-Tetrahydrocannabinol (D 9 -THC) is the main cannabinoid and is primarily responsible for the psychoactive and medicinal effects of cannabis. D 9 -THC exhibits many of its effects by interacting with two G-protein coupled receptors known as the cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) and the cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…7) The identification of components in cannabis smoke condensate has been extensively studied. [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17] An excellent review on cannabis smoke condensate, its constituents and some biological effects is available. 18) Recently research has been undertaken to determine the safety and effectiveness of vaporization for the administration of cannabis and cannabinoids.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Cannabinoid Receptor 1 Binding Activity and Quantitative Analysis of Cannabis sativa L. Smoke and Vapor

2010

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confidence: 99%

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Cannabinoid Receptor 1 Binding Activity and Quantitative Analysis of Cannabis sativa L. Smoke and Vapor

2010

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“…To date, studies have investigated the composition and properties of cannabis smoke [17][18][19][20][21], and have compared it to cigarette smoke [22][23][24][25][26][27]. Studies have also examined the composition and properties of cannabis smoke produced by different methods of smoking [28][29][30][31][32][33][34].…”

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confidence: 99%

Chemical and physical variations of cannabis smoke from a variety of cannabis samples in New Zealand

Sheehan

Hamnett

Beasley

et al. 2018

Forensic Sciences Research

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Studies have compared the chemical properties of tobacco smoke to those of cannabis smoke, with the objective of identifying the chemical attributes responsible for the mutagenicity and carcinogenicity of cannabis smoke. Comparative studies have included small sample sizes and produced conflicting results. The aim of this study was to assess the major chemical and physical variations of cannabis smoke across a range of cannabis samples of different potencies and origins, sourced from the illegal market in New Zealand. Twelve cannabis samples were studied ranging from 1.0% to 13.4% delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (D 9 THC) content. A smoking machine was used to smoke "joints" (cannabis cigarettes) and the chemical/physical properties of the smoke assessed. The chemical constituents of the smoke extracts were analysed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. A range of different chemical constituents (in addition to D 9 THC) were identified and their concentrations estimated. Terpenoids were identified as the major variable in cannabis smoke, showing a 40-fold range in total terpenoid content. Analysis of the total particulate matter showed that significantly different levels of particulate matter were produced between the different cannabis samples, ranging from 14.6 to 66.3 mg/g of cannabis smoked. The D 9 THC delivery efficiency during smoking was also investigated and produced consistent results showing a mean and median of 12.6% and 10.8%, respectively, of the theoretically available D 9 THC (ranging from 7.2% to 28.0%).

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“…The standardized method used by the tobacco industry to produce a tobacco smoking condensate uses a total puff volume of 35 ml, a puff duration of 2 s (volume of 17.5 ml/s), and a puff frequency of 60 s. To obtain the tobacco smoke condensate an commercially available Borgwaldt apparatus is used and the smoke is produced under ISO 4387:1991 and 2000 standards. This method has been used and adapted in order to produce a cannabis smoke condensate (Fetiman et al, 1973;Adams & Jones, 1973;Maskarinec et al, 1976;Lee et al, 1976;Van den Bosch & Salemink, 1977;Busch et al, 1978;Novotny et al, 1982;Johnson et al, 1984;Hiller et al, 1984;Lee et al, 2005).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Researchers have therefore adapted 801 the tobacco standard method and in order to overcome this problem increased the volume of suction (Adams & Jones, 1973), the frequency of suction, and the the length of suction. No literature could be found in which the different preparation method for a cannabis smoke condensate has been tested.…”

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confidence: 99%

Cannabis Smoke Condensate I: The Effect of Different Preparation Methods on Tetrahydrocannabinol Levels

Kooy

Pomahačová

Verpoorte

2008

Inhalation Toxicology

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Cannabis sativa contains more than 400 known compounds, of which the terpene chemicals, called cannabinoids, are unique to this species. The cannabinoids, which occur as the corresponding acids in the plant material, are the major psychoactive components in this species. The compounds are decarboxylated from the inactive acidic form into the active form by means of smoking. Previous research has made use of the tobacco industry's standard method and adaptations thereof to produce a cannabis smoke condensate. In this study the method of smoke production, which includes the puff frequency, puff length, and puff volume, was tested and the concentration of the major cannabinoid, 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), and the amount of by-products produced under the different conditions were quantified. This study aimed at combining the existing methodology and at providing quantitative results on the influence of the preparation method on the concentration of THC in the smoke. The results indicate that the method of smoke production influences the amount of THC produced (e.g., longer puff length yielding a higher amount of THC). The THC concentration in the smoke condensate varied between 22.17 mg/g of cannabis and 54.00 mg/g, while the amount of by-products produced varied between 25.57 mg/g and 107.40 mg/g. Cannabis sativa L. (Cannabaceae) has been used for centuries as an medicinal plant, but today it is better known as a recreational drug. Recently, renewed interest in its medicinal properties has resulted in some countries registering cannabisderived preparations as a drug for the treatment of mainly nausea and vomiting associated with chemotherapy. Over the last several years, cannabis-based medicines such as Sativex have been investigated for the treatment of spasticity, chronic pain, disruption of sleep, and urinary dysfunction associated with multiple sclerosis and other neurological disorders (Smith, 2007). The activity of this plant is caused by cannabinoids. As far as is known, the cannabinoid THC is the most active component. There are various ways of using the plant material as a recreational drug or medicine, of which the preparation of a tea, as a baked product, and smoking are the most important. The preferred method of ingestion is by smoking the plant material. In all of these processes, heating the material plays an important role, as this will decarboxylate the naturally occuring inactive tetrahydro-

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Long-chain hydrocarbons of Cannabis and its smoke

Cited by 16 publications

References 4 publications

Cannabinoid Receptor 1 Binding Activity and Quantitative Analysis of Cannabis sativa L. Smoke and Vapor

Cannabinoid Receptor 1 Binding Activity and Quantitative Analysis of Cannabis sativa L. Smoke and Vapor

Chemical and physical variations of cannabis smoke from a variety of cannabis samples in New Zealand

Cannabis Smoke Condensate I: The Effect of Different Preparation Methods on Tetrahydrocannabinol Levels

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