Long-chain saturated fatty acids induce pro-inflammatory responses and impact endothelial cell growth

Obesity, But Not High Fat Diet, Impairs Lymphatic Function

“…[3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10] However, it remains unclear whether the observed effects on lymphatic function were secondary to weight gain, prolonged exposure to HFD or toxic metabolic by-products of adipose tissue. To address this question, we compared lymphatic function in obesity-prone and obesityresistant mice after prolonged exposure to HFD.…”

“…[3][4][5][6] This approach enabled us to quantify perilymphatic inflammation, which we defined as the number of inflammatory cells located within 50 μm of a lymphatic vessel.…”

“…SA is known to be increased in obesity where it has been shown to have toxic effects on blood endothelial cells. 6,33 We therefore compared the effects of SA on LECs with those on ASCs, as these cells are also present in adipose tissues. Interestingly, we found that SA, even in micromolar concentrations, was highly toxic to LECs resulting in a dosedependent increase in cellular apoptosis as reflected by increasing activity of caspase-3 and annexin V (Figures 5c and d and Supplementary Figure 6A).…”

“…These responses are modulated by T cells and macrophages, leading to increased local/systemic expression of inflammatory cytokines and release of free fatty acids (FFA) with direct toxic effects on surrounding tissues. [3][4][5][6] In addition, adipose tissue functions as an endocrine organ that produces substances that regulate function and obesity-related pathology. 5,7 Recent studies have shown that obesity has significant negative effects on the lymphatic system.…”

Protection against vascular endothelial dysfunction by polyphenols in sea buckthorn berries in rats with hyperlipidemia

“…Furthermore, a higher level of oxidative stress stimulates LOX-1 expression, and this have a positive effect by increasing intracellular production of ROS (41). In addition, another factor implicated in endothelial dysfunction is the activation of ECs, which is evident as an increase in the expression of specific cytokines and adhesion molecules ICAM-1 and the consequent penetration of monocytes into the intima (42). ROS are generated in response to a high-fat diet, but inhibition of those ROS could alleviate vascular oxidative stress and inflammation.…”