We report on the application of infrared spectroscopic ellipsometry (IR-SE) for wavenumbers from 333cm -1 to 1200cm -1 as a novel approach to non-destructive optical characterization of free-carrier and optical phonon properties of group III-nitride heterostructures. Undoped α -GaN, α -AlN, α -Al x Ga 1-x N ( x = 0.17, 0.28, 0.5), and n -type silicon (Si) doped α -GaN layers were grown by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy (MOVPE) on c -plane sapphire ( α -Al 2 O 3 ). The four-parameter semiquantum (FPSQ) dielectric lattice-dispersion model and the Drude model for free-carrier response are employed for analysis of the IR-SE data. Model calculations for the ordinary ( ∈ ⊥ ) and extraordinary ( ∈ || ) dielectric functions of the heterostructure components provide sensitivity to IRactive phonon frequencies and free-carrier parameters. We observe that the α -Al x Ga 1-x N layers are unintentionally doped with a back ground free-carrier concentration of 1-4 10 18 cm -3 . The ternary compounds reveal a two-mode behavior in ∈ ⊥ , whereas a one-mode behavior is sufficient to explain the optical response for ∈ || . We further provide a precise set of model parameters for calculation of the sapphire infrared dielectric functions which are prerequisites for analysis of infrared spectra of III-nitride heterostructures grown on α -Al 2 O 3 .