For the first time commercially relevant catalysts for the copolymerization of ethylene and styrene have been identified. The catalysts maintain very high copolymer efficiencies at relatively high reactor temperatures without sacrificing styrene comonomer reactivity. The observations which led to this discovery are based upon the kinetic analysis of ethylene-styrene copolymerization using constrained geometry catalyst (eta5-C5Me4)(SiMe2-N-t-Bu)TiMe2 (1). This analysis revealed a substantial styrene penultimate monomer effect. Inherent reactivity of 1 toward styrene is greatly improved when the penultimate monomer on the growing polymer chain is styrene rather than ethylene. The presence of a penultimate styrene effect led to the hypothesis that catalysts bearing aromatic moieties in close proximity to the active site could lead to enhancement of styrene reactivity for this catalyst family. This hypothesis was born out by two new constrained geometry catalysts, one having two phenyl substituents placed in the 3 and 3' positions of the Cp ring (2) and the other with a 2,2'-biphenyl fragment attached to the Cp ring (3). Both catalysts exhibit higher activity than that of 1 and, more importantly, much higher styrene reactivity leading to copolymers with substantially increased styrene content (21.5% for 2, 30.6% for 3) as compared to 1 (11%) under the same polymerization conditions. Analysis of the X-ray crystal structures of 2 and 3 shows no overriding structural arguments for the increased performance. Outstanding polymerization characteristics achieved with 3 make this catalyst a candidate for commercial production of ethylene-styrene resins in a solution process.
For the first time commercially relevant catalysts for the copolymerization of ethylene and styrene have been identified. The catalysts maintain very high copolymer efficiencies at relatively high reactor temperatures without sacrificing styrene comonomer reactivity. The observations which led to this discovery are based upon the kinetic analysis of ethylene-styrene copolymerization using constrained geometry catalyst (eta5-C5Me4)(SiMe2-N-t-Bu)TiMe2 (1). This analysis revealed a substantial styrene penultimate monomer effect. Inherent reactivity of 1 toward styrene is greatly improved when the penultimate monomer on the growing polymer chain is styrene rather than ethylene. The presence of a penultimate styrene effect led to the hypothesis that catalysts bearing aromatic moieties in close proximity to the active site could lead to enhancement of styrene reactivity for this catalyst family. This hypothesis was born out by two new constrained geometry catalysts, one having two phenyl substituents placed in the 3 and 3' positions of the Cp ring (2) and the other with a 2,2'-biphenyl fragment attached to the Cp ring (3). Both catalysts exhibit higher activity than that of 1 and, more importantly, much higher styrene reactivity leading to copolymers with substantially increased styrene content (21.5% for 2, 30.6% for 3) as compared to 1 (11%) under the same polymerization conditions. Analysis of the X-ray crystal structures of 2 and 3 shows no overriding structural arguments for the increased performance. Outstanding polymerization characteristics achieved with 3 make this catalyst a candidate for commercial production of ethylene-styrene resins in a solution process.
“…Therefore, we initially intended to use the benzylamino group as a synthon, which provides a N-H functionality after hydrogenolysis. We thus attempted to react the readily available 3,4-diphenylcyclo-2-pentenone (1) [14] with benzylaniline under conditions that are established for the enamine reaction of sec-amines with cyclo-2-pentenones [13]. However, not even azeotropic distillation in high boiling solvents such as toluene or xylene yielded significant amounts of products after 48 h. The combination of decreased nucleophilicity of the arylamine and the steric bulk of the secondary amino group seems to result in a dramatically reduced reaction rate.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Element analyses: Mikroanalytisches Laboratorium der Technischen Universität München. 3,4-Diphenylcyclo-2-pentenone [14] and Fe[N(SiMe 3 ) 2 ] 2 (thf) [18] were synthesised according to the literature procedures. Cyclic voltammetry: the standard electrochemical instrumentation consisted of a Princeton Applied Research potentiostat/galvanostat (model 273A).…”
“…Reactions of benzil with excess pentan-2-one (R = Et) and octan-2-one (R = C 5 H 11 ) and a small amount of concentrated alkali led to formation of mixtures of isomers I-III [2][3][4]6] which can readily be distinguished by 1 H NMR spectroscopy. When the reactions of benzil with pentan-2-one and heptan-2-one were carried out in dilute solution, only one isomer I (R = Et, Bu) was obtained [5].…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Studies on reactions of benzil with ketones [1][2][3][4] showed that the product of its reaction with acetone is 4-hydroxy-3,4-diphenylcyclopent-2-en-1-one. Other aliphatic ketones reacted with benzil to give cyclopentenones with alkyl groups on C 2 and C 5 .…”
The reaction of benzil with methyl alkyl ketones gave three isomeric cyclopentenone derivatives, 2-substituted and cis-and trans-5-substituted 4-hydroxy-3,4-diphenylcyclopent-2-en-1-ones. cis-and trans-2,5-Disubstituted 4-hydroxy-3,4-diphenylcyclopent-2-en-1-ones were formed in analogous reaction of benzil with dialkyl ketones. The structure of the products was confirmed by 1 H NMR spectroscopy and molecularmechanics calculations.
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